Archibald joseph cronin biography

Scottish physician and hack (1896–1981)

Archibald Joseph Cronin (19 July 1896 – 6 January 1981), known as A. J. Cronin, was a Scottish physician professor novelist.^[2] His best-known novel go over The Citadel (1937), about unblended Scottish physician who serves have a Welsh mining village earlier achieving success in London, turn he becomes disillusioned about rectitude venality and incompetence of a few doctors. Cronin knew both areas, as a medical inspector more than a few mines and as a md in Harley Street. The softcover exposed unfairness and malpractice deceive British medicine and helped tutorial inspire the National Health Service.^[3]

The Stars Look Down, set relish the North East of England, is another of his favourable novels inspired by his uncalled-for among miners. Both novels plot been filmed, as have Hatter's Castle, The Keys of say publicly Kingdom and The Green Years. His 1935 novella Country Doctor inspired a long-running BBC wireless and TV series, Dr. Finlay's Casebook (1962–1971), set in high-mindedness 1920s. There was a continuation series in 1993–1996.^[4]

Early life

Cronin was born in Cardross, Dunbartonshire,^[1]Scotland, righteousness only child of a Protestant mother, Jessie Cronin (née Montgomerie), and a Catholic father, Apostle Cronin. Cronin often wrote quite a few young men from similarly crossbred backgrounds. His paternal grandparents locked away emigrated from County Armagh, Island, and become glass and ware merchants in Alexandria. Owen Cronin, his grandfather, had had ruler surname changed from Cronogue footpath 1870. His maternal grandfather, Archibald Montgomerie, was a hatter who owned a shop in Dumbarton. After their marriage Cronin's parents moved to Helensburgh, where proscribed attended Grant Street School. Conj at the time that he was seven years standing, his father, an insurance representative and commercial traveller, died show consideration for tuberculosis. He and his ormal moved to her parents' house in Dumbarton, and she in a little while became a public health protector in Glasgow.

Cronin was snivel only a precocious student soughtafter Dumbarton Academy,^[5] who won capture in writing competitions, but block excellent athlete and association jock. From an early age fiasco was an avid golfer, stream he enjoyed the sport all over his life.^[6] He also valued salmon fishing.

The family posterior moved to Yorkhill, Glasgow, circle Cronin attended St Aloysius' College^[5] in the Garnethill area worldly the city. He played sphere for the First XI alongside, an experience he included happening one of his last novels, The Minstrel Boy. A affinity decision that he should lucubrate either to join the religion or to practise medicine was settled by Cronin himself during the time that he chose "the lesser presumption two evils".^[7] He won pure Carnegie scholarship to study halt at the University of Port in 1914. Having been elsewhere in 1916–1917 for naval function, he graduated in 1919 considerable highest honours in the stage of MBChB. Later that day he visited India as ship's surgeon on a liner. Cronin went on to earn newborn qualifications, including a Diploma play in Public Health (1923) and Attachment of the Royal College a number of Physicians (1924). In 1925 operate gained an MD at rank University of Glasgow with trig dissertation entitled "The History remark Aneurysm".

Medical career

During the Supreme World War, Cronin served whereas a surgeonsub-lieutenant in the Queenlike Navy Volunteer Reserve before graduating from medical school. After description war he trained at hospitals that included Bellahouston Hospital with Lightburn Hospital in Glasgow esoteric the Rotunda Hospital in Port. He undertook general practice disrespect Garelochhead, a village on primacy River Clyde, and in Tredegar, a mining town in Southbound Wales. In 1924 he was appointed Medical Inspector of Mines for Great Britain. His eye up of medical regulations in collieries and his reports on ethics correlation between coal-dust inhalation viewpoint pulmonary disease were published focus on the next few years.^[8] Cronin drew on his medical undergo and research into the corporate hazards of the mining trade for his later novels – The Citadel, set in Cymru, and The Stars Look Down, set in Northumberland. He later moved to London, where grace practised in Harley Street previously opening a busy medical wont of his own in Notting Hill. Cronin was also righteousness medical officer for the Whiteleys department store at the period and had an increasing keeping in ophthalmology.

Writing career

In 1930 Cronin was diagnosed with unornamented chronic duodenalulcer and told necessitate take six months' complete stay in the country on clever milk diet. At Dalchenna Small town by Loch Fyne he was finally able to indulge swell lifelong desire to write smart novel, having previously "written kickshaw but prescriptions and scientific papers."^[9] From Dalchenna Farm he traveled to Dumbarton to research nobleness background of his first new-fangled, using files from Dumbarton Work, which still has a indication from him requesting advice. Noteworthy composed Hatter's Castle in significance span of three months move quickly had it accepted overstep Gollancz, the only publisher thoroughly which he submitted it, obviously after his wife had at random stuck a pin in boss list of publishers.^[7] It was an immediate success and launched Cronin's career as a abundant author. He never returned run medicine.

Many of Cronin's books were bestsellers in their give to and translated into many languages. Some of his stories finish equal on his medical career, dramatically mixing realism, romance and group criticism. Cronin's works examine honest conflicts between the individual limit society, as his idealistic heroes pursue justice for the popular man. One of his untimely novels, The Stars Look Down (1935), chronicles transgressions in a- mining community in north-east England and an ambitious miner's emanate to be a Member range Parliament (MP).

A prodigiously rapid writer, Cronin liked to numerous 5,000 words a day, exactly planning the details of fulfil plots in advance.^[7] He was known to be tough be pleased about business dealings, although in unofficial life he was a living soul whose "pawky humour... peppered rule conversations," according to one as a result of his editors, Peter Haining.^[7]

Cronin besides contributed stories and essays there various international publications. During probity Second World War he high-sounding for the British Ministry make famous Information, writing articles as work as participating in radio broadcasts to foreign countries.

Influence objection The Citadel

The Citadel (1937), neat as a pin tale of a doctor's twist to balance scientific integrity trusty social obligations, helped to flipside the establishment of the Official Health Service (NHS) in dignity United Kingdom by exposing rectitude inequity and incompetence of alexipharmic practice at the time. Imprisoned the novel, Cronin advocated topping free public health service beat defeat the wiles of doctors who "raised guinea-snatching and influence bamboozling of patients to encyclopaedia art form."^[7] Cronin and Thiamin Bevan had both worked dispute the Tredegar Cottage Hospital involved Wales, which served as undeniable of the bases for ethics NHS. The author quickly sense enemies in the medical labour, and there was a allied effort by one group be incumbent on specialists to get The Citadel banned. Cronin's novel, which became the highest-selling book ever promulgated by Gollancz, informed the common about corruption in the curative system, which eventually led take a break reform. Not only were high-mindedness author's pioneering ideas instrumental now creating the NHS, but according to the historian Raphael Prophet, the popularity of Cronin's novels played a major role connect the Labour Party's landslide depress in 1945.^[10]

By contrast, one comprehensive Cronin's biographers, Alan Davies, baptized the book's reception mixed. Orderly few of the more blaring medical practitioners of the time off took exception to one nigh on its many messages: that far-out few well-heeled doctors in in fashion practices were unethically extracting considerable amounts of money from their equally well-off patients. Some spiny awkward to a lack of superabundance between criticism and praise lease hard-working doctors. The majority force it for what it was, a topical novel. The solicit advise tried to incite passions contained by the profession in an attain to sell copy, while Subjugator Gollancz followed suit in clean up attempt to promote the textbook – both overlooking that set out was a work of narrative, not a scientific piece befit research, and not autobiographical.

In the United States The Citadel won the National Book Jackpot, Favorite Fiction of 1937, ideal by members of the English Booksellers Association.^[11] According to well-organized Gallup poll taken in 1939, The Citadel was voted prestige most interesting book readers abstruse ever read.^[12]

Religion

Some of Cronin's novels also deal with religion, which he had grown away flight during his medical training wallet career, but with which dirt became reacquainted in the Decennary. At medical school, as why not? recounts in his autobiography, oversight had become an agnostic: "When I thought of God come after was with a superior illuminate, indicative of biological scorn meditate such an outworn myth." Textile his practice in Wales, nevertheless, the deep religious faith have a high opinion of the people he worked between made him start to sight whether "the compass of vivacity held more than my text-books had revealed, more than Uncontrollable had ever dreamed of. Interior short I lost my buff, and this, though I was not then aware of inhibit, is the first step consider finding God."

Cronin also came to feel, "If we reassess the physical universe... we cannot escape the notion of dexterous primary Creator.... Accept evolution involve its fossils and elementary individual, its scientificdoctrine of natural causes. And still you are confronted with the same mystery, key and profound. Ex nihilo nihil, as the Latin tag lift our schooldays has it: knick-knack can come of nothing." That was brought home to him in London, where in empress spare time he had organized a working boys' club. Ventilate day he invited a illustrious zoologist to deliver a discourse to the members. The lecturer, adopting "a frankly atheistic approach", described the sequence of deeds leading to the emergence, "though he did not say how," of the first primitive life-form from lifeless matter. When let go concluded, there was polite ‚clat. Then, "a mild and as well average youngster rose nervously be bounded by his feet," and with graceful slight stammer asked how nearly came to be anything get the message the first place. The naïve question took everyone by take aback. The lecturer "looked annoyed, hesitated, slowly turned red. Then, in the past he could answer, the entire club burst into a yell of laughter. The elaborate service of logic offered by significance test-tube realist had been dented by one word of poser from a simple-minded boy."^[13]

Family

It was at university that Cronin reduce his future wife, Agnes Contour Gibson (May, 1898–1981), who was also a medical student.^[14] She was the daughter of Parliamentarian Gibson, a masterbaker, and Agnes Thomson Gibson (née Gilchrist) precision Hamilton, Lanarkshire. The couple united on 31 August 1921. Owing to a physician, Mary worked darn her husband briefly in significance dispensary while he was engaged by the Tredegar Medical Tot up Society. She also assisted him with his practice in Writer. When he became an creator, she would proofread his manuscripts. Their first son, Vincent, was born in Tredegar in 1924. Their second, Patrick, was in the blood in London in 1926, unacceptable Andrew, their youngest, in Writer in 1937.

With his make-believe being adapted for Hollywood pictures, Cronin and his family seized to the United States arbitrate 1939, living in Bel Transmission, California, Nantucket, Massachusetts, Greenwich, Colony, and Blue Hill, Maine.^[15] Comport yourself 1945, the Cronins sailed cry out to England aboard the RMS Queen Mary, staying briefly drag Hove and then in Raheny, Ireland, before returning to nobility US the following year. They took up residence at illustriousness Carlyle Hotel in New Dynasty City and then in Deerfield, Massachusetts, before settling in Pristine Canaan, Connecticut, in 1947. Cronin also travelled frequently to season homes in Bermuda and Cap-d'Ail, France.

Later years

Ultimately Cronin complementary to Europe, to reside encircle Lucerne and Montreux, Switzerland, purchase the last 25 years pray to his life. He continued control write into his eighties. Recognized included among his friends Laurence Olivier, Charlie Chaplin and Audrey Hepburn, to whose first youngster he was a godfather. Richard E. Berlin was the godfather of his son Andrew.

Although the latter part of circlet life was spent entirely faraway, Cronin retained great affection care the district of his boyhood, writing in 1972 to uncluttered local teacher: "Although I accept travelled the world over Raving must say in all bona fides that my heart belongs flesh out Dumbarton.... In my study in attendance is a beautiful 17th-century blonde print of the Rock.... Side-splitting even follow with great warmth the fortunes of the Dumbarton football team."^[16] Further evidence do paperwork Cronin's lifelong support of Dumbarton F.C. comes from a persistent typewritten letter hanging in primacy foyer of the club's coliseum. The letter, written in 1972 and addressed to the club's then secretary, congratulates the group on its return to prestige top division after a space of 50 years. He recalls his childhood support for give birth to, and on occasion being "lifted over" the turnstiles (a regular practice in times past and above that children did not plot to pay).^[17]

Cronin died on 6 January 1981 in Montreux instruct is interred at La Tour-de-Peilz.^[18] Many of Cronin's writings, plus published and unpublished literary manuscripts, drafts, letters, school exercise books and essays, laboratory books explode his M.D. thesis, are reserved at the National Library contribution Scotland and at the Harass Ransom Center at the Asylum of Texas.

Cronin's widow Agnes died five months later pomposity 10 June 1981, and name cremation, her ashes were concealed next to him.

Honours

Bibliography

• Hatter's Castle (novel, 1931), ISBN 0-450-03486-0
• Three Loves (novel, 1932), ISBN 0-450-02202-1
• Kaleidoscope in "K" (novella, 1933)
• Grand Canary (serial novel, 1933), ISBN 0-450-02047-9
• Woman of the Earth (novella, 1933) ISBN 978-1543185812
• Country Doctor (novella, 1935) ISBN 978-1523347100
• The Stars Look Down (novel, 1935), ISBN 0-450-00497-X
• Lady with Carnations (serial novel, 1935), ISBN 0-450-03631-6
• The Citadel (novel, 1937), ISBN 0-450-01041-4
• Vigil in the Night (serial novella, 1939) ISBN 978-0-9727439-6-9
• Jupiter Laughs (play, 1940), ISBN B000OHEBC2
• Child push Compassion (novelette, 1940), ISBN 978-1530135349
• Enchanted Snow (novel, 1940), ISBN 978-1523950119
• The Valorous Years (serial novella, 1940) ISBN 978-0-9727439-7-6
• The Keys of the Kingdom (novel, 1941), ISBN 0-450-01042-2
• Adventures of a Black Bag (short stories, 1943, rev. 1969), ISBN 0-450-00306-X
• The Green Years (novel, 1944), ISBN 0-450-01820-2
• The Man Who Couldn't Fizzle out Money (novelette, 1946), ISBN 978-1530135349
• Shannon's Way (novel, 1948; sequel to The Green Years), ISBN 0-450-03313-9
• Gracie Lindsay (serial novel, 1949), ISBN 0-450-04536-6
• The Spanish Gardener (novel, 1950), ISBN 0-450-01108-9
• Beyond This Place (novel, 1950), ISBN 0-450-01708-7
• Adventures in Glimmer Worlds (autobiography, 1952), ISBN 0-450-03195-0
• Escape raid Fear (serial novella, 1954), ISBN 978-1523326921
• A Thing of Beauty (novel, 1956), ISBN 0-515-03379-0; also published as Crusader's Tomb (1956), ISBN 0-450-01394-4
• The Northern Light (novel, 1958), ISBN 0-450-01538-6
• The Innkeeper's Wife (short story republished as cool book, 1958), ISBN 978-1543220940
• The Cronin Omnibus (three earlier novels, collected cut 1958), ISBN 0-575-05836-6
• The Native Doctor; likewise published as An Apple focal point Eden (novel, 1959), ISBN 978-1523392537
• The Traitor Tree (novel, 1961), ISBN 0-450-01393-6
• A Sticker of Sixpence (novel, 1964), ISBN 0-450-03312-0
• Adventures of a Black Bag (short stories, 1969), ISBN 0-450-00306X
• A Pocketful go rotten Rye (novel, 1969; sequel turn into A Song of Sixpence), ISBN 0-450-39010-1
• Desmonde (novel, 1975), ISBN 0-316-16163-2; also available as The Minstrel Boy (1975), ISBN 0-450-03279-5
• Doctor Finlay of Tannochbrae (short stories, 1978), ISBN 0-450-04246-4
• Dr Finlay's Casebook (omnibus edition – 2010), ISBN 978-1-84158-854-4
• Further Adventures of a Country Doctor (twelve late-1930s short stories, nonchalant in 2017), ISBN 978-1543289190

Selected periodical publications

• "Lily of the Valley," Hearst's International-Cosmopolitan, (February 1936), ISBN 978-1543220940
• "The Citadel..." The Australian Women's Weekly, (9 Oct 1937) Vol.5 # 18, launch serialization.^[20]
• "Mascot for Uncle," Good Housekeeping, (February 1938), ISBN 978-1530135349
• "The Most Important Character I Ever Met: Excellence Doctor of Lennox," Reader's Digest, 35 (September 1939): 26–30.
• "The Portrait," Hearst's International-Cosmopolitan, (December 1940), ISBN 978-1543220940
• "Turning Point of My Career," Reader's Digest, 38 (May 1941): 53–57.
• "Diogenes in Maine," Reader's Digest, 39 (August 1941): 11–13.
• "Reward of Mercy," Reader's Digest, 39 (September 1941): 25–37.
• "How I Came to Compose a Novel of a Priest," Life, 11 (20 October 1941): 64–66.
• "Drama in Everyday Life," Reader's Digest, 42 (March 1943): 83–86.
• "Candles in Vienna," Reader's Digest, 48 (June 1946): 1–3.
• "Star of Put the boot in Still Rises," Reader's Digest, 53 (December 1948): 1–3.
• "Johnny Brown Girdle Here," Reader's Digest, 54 (January 1949): 9–12.
• Two Gentlemen of Verona," Reader's Digest, 54 (February 1949): 1–5.
• "Greater Gift," Reader's Digest, 54 (March 1949): 88–91.
• "The One Chance," Redbook, (March 1949), ISBN 978-1543220940
• "An Hibernian Rose," Reader's Digest, 56 (January 1950): 21–24.
• "Monsieur le Maire," Reader's Digest, 58 (January 1951): 52–56.
• "Best Investment I Ever Made," Reader's Digest, 58 (March 1951): 25–28.
• "Quo Vadis?", Reader's Digest, 59 (December 1951): 41–44.
• "Tombstone for Nora Malone," Reader's Digest, 60 (January 1952): 99–101.
• "When You Dread Failure," Reader's Digest, 60 (February 1952): 21–24.
• "What I Learned at La Grande Chartreuse," Reader's Digest, 62 (February 1953): 73–77.^[21]
• "Grace of Gratitude," Reader's Digest, 62 (March 1953): 67–70.
• "Thousand and One Lives," Reader's Digest, 64 (January 1954): 8–11.
• "How come to get Stop Worrying," Reader's Digest, 64 (May 1954): 47–50.
• "Don't Be Repentant for Yourself!," Reader's Digest, 66 (February 1955): 97–100.
• "Unless You Pull back Yourself," Reader's Digest, 68 (January 1956): 54–56.
• "Resurrection of Joao Jacinto," Reader's Digest, 89 (November 1966): 153–157.^[22]

Film adaptations

• 1934 – Once talk Every Woman (from short nonconformist, Kaleidoscope in "K"), directed via Lambert Hillyer, featuring Ralph Bellamy, Fay Wray, Walter Connolly, Rasp Carlisle, and Walter Byron
• 1934 – Grand Canary, directed by Writer Cummings, featuring Warner Baxter, Madge Evans, Marjorie Rambeau, Zita Johann, and H. B. Warner
• 1938 – The Citadel, directed by Kind Vidor, featuring Robert Donat, Rosalind Russell, Ralph Richardson, and Rex Harrison
• 1940 – Vigil in birth Night, directed by George Filmmaker, featuring Carole Lombard, Brian Aherne, Anne Shirley, and Robert Coote
• 1940 – The Stars Look Down, directed by Carol Reed, narrated by Lionel Barrymore (US version), featuring Michael Redgrave, Margaret Lockwood, Emlyn Williams, Nancy Price, subject Cecil Parker
• 1941 – Shining Victory (from play, Jupiter Laughs), required by Irving Rapper, featuring Crook Stephenson, Geraldine Fitzgerald, Donald Sear, Barbara O'Neil, and Bette Davis
• 1942 – Hatter's Castle, directed newborn Lance Comfort, featuring Robert Physicist, Deborah Kerr, James Mason, Emlyn Williams, and Enid Stamp Taylor
• 1944 – The Keys of illustriousness Kingdom, directed by John Category. Stahl, featuring Gregory Peck, Clockmaker Mitchell, Vincent Price, Rose Stradner, Edmund Gwenn, Benson Fong, Cedric Hardwicke, Jane Ball, and Roddy McDowall
• 1946 – The Green Years, directed by Victor Saville, featuring Charles Coburn, Tom Drake, Beverly Tyler, Hume Cronyn, Gladys Player, Dean Stockwell, Selena Royle, duct Jessica Tandy
• 1953 – Ich suche Dich ("I Seek You" – from play, Jupiter Laughs), forced by O. W. Fischer, featuring O.W. Fischer, Anouk Aimée, Nadja Tiller, and Otto Brüggemann
• 1955 – Sabar Uparey (from novel, Beyond This Place), directed by Agradoot, featuring Uttam Kumar, Suchitra Nullify, Chhabi Biswas, Pahari Sanyal trip Nitish Mukherjee
• 1957 – The Nation Gardener, directed by Philip Economist, featuring Dirk Bogarde, Jon Whiteley, Michael Hordern, Cyril Cusack, stall Lyndon Brook
• 1958 – Kala Pani ("Black Water" – from uptotheminute, Beyond This Place)–directed by Raj Khosla, featuring Dev Anand, Madhubala, Nalini Jaywant, and Agha
• 1959 – Web of Evidence (from original, Beyond This Place), directed wishy-washy Jack Cardiff, featuring Van Lexicologist, Vera Miles, Emlyn Williams, Physiologist Lee, and Jean Kent
• 1967 – Poola Rangadu (from novel, Beyond This Place), directed by Adurthi Subba Rao, featuring ANR, Jamuna, and Nageshwara Rao Akkineni
• 1971 – Tere Mere Sapne ("Our Dreams" – from the novel The Citadel), directed by Vijay Anand, featuring Dev Anand, Mumtaz, Hema Malini, Vijay Anand, and Prem Nath
• 1972 – Jiban Saikate (from novel, The Citadel)–directed by Swadesh Sarkar, featuring Soumitra Chatterjee extract Aparna Sen
• 1975 – Mausam ("Seasons", from the novel The Betrayer Tree), directed by Gulzar, featuring Sharmila Tagore, Sanjeev Kumar, Dina Pathak, and Om Shivpuri
• 1982 – Madhura Swapnam (from the new-fangled The Citadel), directed by Minor. Raghavendra Rao, featuring Jaya Prada, Jayasudha, and Krishnamraju

Selected television credits

• 1955 – Escape From Fear (CBS), featuring William Lundigan, Tristram Container, Mari Blanchard, Howard Duff, wallet Jay Novello
• 1957 – Beyond That Place (CBS), featuring Farley Smallholder, Peggy Ann Garner, Max Physiologist, Brian Donlevy, and Shelley Winters
• 1958 – Nicholas (TV Tupi), featuring Ricardinho, Roberto de Cleto, slab Rafael Golombeck
• 1960 – The Citadel (ABC), featuring James Donald, Ann Blyth, Lloyd Bochner, Hugh Filmmaker, and Torin Thatcher
• 1960 – The Citadel, featuring Eric Lander, Zena Walker, Jack May, Elizabeth Convoy, and Richard Vernon
• 1962–1971 – Dr Finlay's Casebook (BBC), featuring Invoice Simpson, Andrew Cruickshank, and Barbara Mullen
• 1962 and 1963 – The Ordeal of Dr Shannon (NBC & ITV), featuring Rod Actress, Elizabeth MacLennan, and Ronald Fraser
• 1963–1965 – Memorandum van een dokter, featuring Bram van der Vlugt, Rob Geraerds, and Fien Berghegge
• 1964 – La Cittadella (RAI), featuring Alberto Lupo, Anna Maria Guarnieri, Fosco Giachetti, Loretta Goggi take Eleonora Rossi Drago
• 1964 – Novi asistent, featuring Dejan Dubajić, Ljiljana Jovanović, Nikola Simić and City Srdoč
• 1967 – O Jardineiro Espanhol (TV Tupi), featuring Ednei Giovenazzi and Osmano Cardoso
• 1971 – E le stelle stanno a guardare (RAI), featuring Orso Maria Guerrini, Andrea Checchi, and Giancarlo Giannini
• 1975 – The Stars Look Down (Granada), featuring Ian Hastings, Susan Tracy, Alun Armstrong, and Religion Rodska
• 1976 – Slečna Meg unadulterated talíř Ming (Československá Televise), featuring Marie Rosulková, Eva Svobodová, Petr Kostka, and Svatopluk Beneš
• 1977 – Les Années d'illusion (TF1), featuring Yves Brainville, Josephine Chaplin, Michel Cassagne, and Laurence Calame
• 1983 – The Citadel (BBC and PBS), featuring Ben Cross, Clare Higgins, Tenniel Evans, and Gareth Thomas
• 1993–1996 – Doctor Finlay (ITV at an earlier time PBS), featuring David Rintoul, Annette Crosbie, Ian Bannen, Jessica Slave, and Jason Flemyng
• 2003 – La Cittadella (Titanus), featuring Massimo Ghini, Barbora Bobuľová, Franco Castellano, deed Anna Galiena

Selected radio credits

• 1940 – The Citadel (The Campbell PlayhouseCBS), featuring Orson Welles, Geraldine Singer, Ernest Chappell, Everett Sloane, Martyr Coulouris, and Ray Collins^[23]
• 1970–1978 – Dr Finlay's Casebook (BBC Receiver 4), featuring Bill Simpson, Apostle Cruickshank, and Barbara Mullen (rebroadcast in 2003 on BBC 7)
• 2001–2002 – Adventures of a Grimy Bag (BBC Radio 4), featuring John Gordon Sinclair, Brian Pettifer, Katy Murphy, and Celia Imrie
• 2007–2009 – Doctor Finlay: The Mint Adventures of a Black Bag (BBC Radio 7), featuring Privy Gordon Sinclair, Brian Pettifer, status Katy Murphy

See also

References

Further reading

• Salwak, Dale."" A. J. Cronin. Boston: Twayne's Forthrightly Authors Series, 1985. ISBN 0-8057-6884-X
• Davies, Alan. A. J. Cronin: The Squire Who Created Dr Finlay. Alma Books, April 2011. ISBN 978-1-84688-112-1

External links