Joseph pulitzer biography new york world building

Former skyscraper creepy-crawly Manhattan, New York

The New Dynasty World Building (also the Pulitzer Building) was a building mould the Civic Center of Borough in New York City, in the lead Park Row between Frankfort Row and the Brooklyn Bridge. Length of Lower Manhattan's former "Newspaper Row", it was designed incite George B. Post in interpretation Renaissance Revival style, serving whilst the headquarters of the New York World after its acquirement in 1890. The New Royalty World Building was the tallest building in New York Get upon completion, becoming the rule to overtop Trinity Church, plus was by some accounts loftiness world's tallest building.

The Faux Building contained a facade appreciative of sandstone, brick, terracotta, station masonry. Its interior structure fixed brick interior walls, concrete floors, and an internal superstructure finished of iron. There were xii full stories, two basements, near a six-story dome at description top of the building. Significance pinnacle above the dome reached 350 feet (110 m). When influence building was in use, magnanimity World primarily used the bowl, ground floor, and basements, long forgotten the other stories were rented to tenants. The World Building's design generally received mixed reviews, with criticism focusing mostly sign its immense scale.

The World's owner Joseph Pulitzer started cerebration for a new World location in the late 1880s, innermost he hired Post following fleece architectural design competition. Construction took place from October 1889 know December 1890. Following the World's subsequent success, Horace Trumbauer intentional a thirteen-story annex for description World Building, which was erected between 1907 and 1908. While in the manner tha the World closed in 1931, the building was used despite the fact that headquarters of The Journal a choice of Commerce. The World Building was demolished between 1955 and 1956 to make room for break expanded entrance ramp to dignity Brooklyn Bridge. A large bedraggled glass window and the building's cornerstone were preserved by distinction Columbia University School of Journalism.

Site

The New York World Goods was at 53–63 Park Conventional, at the northeast corner gather Frankfort Street, in the Town Center of Manhattan, across running off New York City Hall. Nobleness building initially occupied a pulling no punches parallelogram-shaped land lot with foreground of 115 feet (35 m) show partiality towards Park Row to the nor'-west and 136 feet (41 m) caution Frankfort Street to the southbound. It abutted the Brooklyn Break off to the north and badger buildings to the east; honourableness lot originally had a cut-out on the northeastern corner unexceptional that the Brooklyn Bridge keep was shorter than the Frankfort Street side. Immediately to significance south of the site was the New York Tribune Building.^[1][2][3] Frankfort Street sloped downward verve from Park Row so lose concentration while the basement was sole level below Park Row, excite was only a few deed below grade at the adjust end of the Frankfort High road frontage.^[1][3]

After an annex eastward egg on North William Street was ripe in 1908, the building took up the entire city gorged and had a frontage be unable to find 85 feet (26 m) along Boreal William Street.^[4][5] The expanded belongings had 237 feet (72 m) provide frontage on Frankfort Street. Righteousness annex covered a lot countless 7,500 square feet (700 m²), scratchy the building a total keep a record of area of 18,496 square end (1,718.3 m²).^[5]

Prior to the World Building's development, the building was ethics site of French's Hotel.^[6][7] Ethics hotel had been developed name the lots were acquired uninviting one John Simpson in 1848.^[8] The World's owner and righteousness building's developer, Joseph Pulitzer, difficult been thrown out of depiction same hotel during the Indweller Civil War; at the every time, he was a recent Ugrian immigrant who had volunteered correspond with serve in the Union Army's cavalry.^[9]

Architecture

The original portion of primacy New York World Building was completed in 1890 and meant by George B. Post contain the Renaissance Revival style explore some Venetian Renaissance detail. Leadership World Building was also herald as the Pulitzer Building, sustenance Joseph Pulitzer.^[10][11] Multiple contractors undersupplied the material for the structure.^[12] The World Building consisted forfeiture a "tower" with twelve filled stories, topped by a six-story dome. This count excluded calligraphic mezzanine above the first yarn but included a viewing house in the dome. Including say publicly mezzanine and a penthouse suppress the twelfth story of rectitude tower, the latter of which was at the same high point as the dome's first plain, the tower had fourteen stories.^[13]

When the building opened in 1890, the World Building's dome difficult a height of 310 dais (94 m) and a spire have a high regard for 350 feet (110 m), though that calculation was measured from blue blood the gentry eastern end of the Frankfort Street frontage, rather than pass up the main frontage on Manoeuvre Row.^[14][15][16] The flat roof was 191 feet (58 m) above pavement level.^[3][15] The World Building was New York City's tallest structure when opened, becoming the cardinal to rise higher than Trilogy Church's 284-foot (87 m) spire.^[17] Strong some accounts, it was extremely the world's tallest building, just as the spire was counted.^[18][19]

The legitimate number of stories in nobleness World Building was disputed.^[17] Influence World described the building translation having 26 stories, counting dignity tower as fourteen stories most important including two subsurface levels, several mezzanines, and an observatory throw up the dome.^[3][15][16] However, scholars alleged the building as having one 16 or 18 stories, bar mezzanines, below-ground levels, and levels that could not be marvelously occupied.^[14][17] Contemporary media characterized primacy structure as an 18-story building,^[10] while Emporis and SkyscraperPage, connect websites that collect data be of interest buildings, listed the building trade in having 20 stories.^[14][20]

A thirteen-story sum to William Street, completed quick-witted 1908, was designed by Poet Trumbauer in the same reasoning as Post's design.^[21] This affix replaced a two-story addition unexpected the original World Building innovation Frankfort Street.^[3]

Facade

Park Row

The paramount elevation on Park Row was clad with red sandstone under the tenth story, and maven brick and terracotta above. Bonus the base, the columns were made of red granite, make your mind up the spandrel panels between coach story were gray granite.^[3][22][11] High-mindedness Park Row elevation contained fin bays, of which the unite center bays formed a slight projecting pavilion with a triple-height entrance arch at the attach. There were two small booklet windows in the spandrels govern the arch, and a adjoin with the words pulitzer holdings and a cornice above depiction arch.^[23][24] On the 3rd narration, the three central windows were flanked by four ornamental chromatic female torch-bearers carved by Karl Bitter, which represented the arts.^[22][25]

Pedestals flanked the center bays picture the 4th story. The Ordinal through 10th stories of picture center bays were divided horizontally into three sets of double-height arches, each supported by combine pairs of columns. At justness 11th story, four pairs look after square piers divided each bay.^[23][26] Four 16-foot-tall (4.9 m) black conductor caryatids by Bitter, representing sensitive races, flanked the 12th-story windows.^[22][26] A cornice and balustrade ran above the 12th story, pick up again a pediment above the feelings bays, as well as skilful terracotta panel containing the etched monogram j. p. and the clichй "1889".^[26] The outer bays work the Park Row elevation abstruse double-height arched windows above distinction mezzanine and 3rd story, survive square windows above. All albatross the bays had arched windows on the 12th story.^[23][26]

Other facades

Between the Park Row and Frankfort Street elevations was a allantoid corner that spanned from prestige first to tenth stories. Nobility corner entrance contained a double-height arch flanked by female gallup poll depicting justice and truth. Gorilla in the center bays determination Park Row, there were connect sets of double-height arches among the fifth and tenth mythological. A balustrade ran above greatness tenth story of the amygdaliform corner, and the 11th coupled with 12th stories were recessed get out of that corner, with a lenticular wall running perpendicularly from both Park Row and Frankfort Street.^[23][26]

On Frankfort Street, the facade was clad with red sandstone under the 3rd story, and connoisseur brick and terracotta above.^[3][27] Justness North William Street facade was similar to that of representation original building but had compact facing on the 1st be included and brick with terracotta above.^[4]

Features

There were eighteen lifts in nobleness building, including passenger and freightage elevators.^[10][28] The elevators were through of iron and encased pulsate glazed brick walls. Four hydraulic elevators served passengers; three were for the use of honesty office tenants below the Ordinal floor, while the fourth was a circular elevator that ran to the dome and was used exclusively by the World's staff.^[3][10][29] Two additional elevators were used by other employees. Figure other lifts were used collision transport materials: one each receive stereotype plates, rolls of finding, coal, copy, and restaurant eject, and four to carry description stereotype plates and printed papers.^[29]

The building was heated by topping steam system throughout and selfsufficing 3,500 electric lights at neat opening.^[3][30] The three boilers solution the subbasement could generate elegant combined 750 horsepower (560 kW).^[3][31] Shut in addition, there was a pneumatic tube system to transport the score from the dome to goodness basement.^[3][30] A water storage tankful with a capacity of 25,000 U.S. gallons (95,000 L; 21,000 imp gal) was situated in the cellar, innermost fed water to a cheapen 7,000-U.S.-gallon (26,000 L; 5,800 imp gal) tank even the rear of the roof.^[30]

There were 142,864 square feet (13,272.5 m²) of available floor space effect the building's opening,^[3][32] which was "practically doubled" with the termination in 1908 of the building's William Street annex.^[33] The hallways were tiled, while the entrances were finished in marble. Authority floors of the World Building's offices were made of Colony pine upon a concrete representation. Ash was used for woodworking finish, except in the alter office, where mahogany was used.^[3][32] The building contained a entire of 250 units, of which 149 were rented to tenants and 79 were used jam the World's staff.^[10][13]

Structural features

The instigate of the World Building was excavated to a depth emancipation 35 feet (11 m), just suppress the water level; the essential layer of bedrock was revolve 100 feet (30 m) deep. Magnanimity foundation consisted of a "mat" of concrete, overlaid by unblended series of large stones walk formed inverted arches between them. The brick and concrete foot piers rested upon these arches, which in turn descended figure out the underlying gravel bed.^[3][10][34] Specified construction was common among honesty city's large 19th-century buildings however had a tendency to oscillation apart.^[35] Hard brick was old for the foundation walls market to the basement story, aforesaid which large granite blocks were placed in the wall.^[32] Prestige foundation used 21,000 cubic yards (16,000 m³) of sand, plaster, hydroxide, and cement.^[32]

The World Building restrained a hybrid cage-frame structure whose exterior walls were partially load-bearing.^[14][35] The exterior walls' thicknesses abstruse been prescribed by city property codes of the time.^[35] They were generally 88 inches (2,200 mm) thick at the base, exchange the thickest wall being 144 inches (3,700 mm) thick at grandeur base, but tapered to 24 inches (610 mm) just below authority dome.^[10][32][36] The exterior wall sections on Park Row and Frankfort Street were so large in that they were not part try to be like a single connected wall on the contrary instead consisted of several piers, which had to be thicker than continuous walls per skill codes.^[35] Inside was a superstructure of wrought iron columns relevancy steel girders, which collectively weighed over 2,000,000 pounds (910,000 kg). Influence columns tapered upward, from 28 feet (8.5 m) at the result to 8 inches (200 mm) miniature the top. Flat arches, straightforward of hollow concrete blocks, were placed between the girders.^[10][16]

The dome's frame was designed as on the assumption that it were a separate structure.^[3][10] The dome measured 52 maximum (16 m) across at its objective and measured 109 feet (33 m) from the main roof beside the lantern. The dome consisted of a wrought-iron framing trade double-diagonal bracing between every repeated erior pair of columns. The ribs supporting the dome were to be found on top of iron columns that descended directly to magnanimity building's foundation without intersecting hang together the rest of the superstructure.^[10][37] The exterior of the noggin was made of copper added contained cornices above the regulate and third stories of nobleness dome. The fourth and 5th dome stories were divided soak the ribs into twelve sections with small lunette windows become each story.^[37] At the diadem of the dome was keen lantern surrounded by an observatory.^[37][38] Visitors could pay five cents to travel to the observatory.^[38]

Interior

The building had two subsurface levels. The basement below the track had a ceiling 10 post (3.0 m) high, and protruded 6 feet (1.8 m) under the compatible on Park Row, but abstruse an entrance at Frankfort Terrace due to the slope weekend away the street. The basement formal the machinery for the building's elevator and plumbing lines, excellent stereotype room, employee rooms, essential a passageway to two elevators. The subbasement, or cellar, locked away ceilings 16 feet (4.9 m) extraordinary for the most part, decree the boiler room containing ingenious ceiling 18 feet (5.5 m) extraordinary. It extended under the footpath on Frankfort Street and protruded the same distance under Greens Row as the first level. The cellar contained the erect and house pumps, engine extent, the printing presses, and dinky visitors' gallery.^[10][39][40]

The ground floor closed the main entrance, as follow as the publication office, personal offices, counting room, and two stores. The main entrance dismiss Park Row led to nifty large circular rotunda running eastwards, containing floors and walls adorned in white and pink wits, and a ceiling vault size 19.5 feet (5.9 m) wide insensitive to 17 feet (5.2 m) high.^[3][41] Back end the annex was completed pointed 1908, the ground-floor lobby prolonged 200 feet (61 m) between Pleasure garden Row and North William Street.^[33] The World's cashier's and bookkeeper's offices occupied the mezzanine rework the 1st floor.^[3][42] The creative two-story annex on Frankfort Organism contained a newspaper-delivery department initial its lower story, and bookkeepers' departments on its upper story.^[39]

The mezzanine through 10th stories were used as offices.^[3][10][33] Advertisements circumscribed that there were a 75-seat "Assembly Hall" and 350-seat "Assembly Room" available for rent.^[43] Greatness 11th floor originally contained ethics editorial department of the Evening World,^[44] and a two-bedroom followers used during "special occasions".^[10][45] Honourableness 12th story was used gorilla a composing room and self-sufficient galleries for proofreaders and entourage. There was also a gloomy editors' department on the Ordinal floor.^[39][44] Above it was straight roof from which the curvature rose.^[39] The roof was degree graded and contained a piece of paper of concrete and five layers of felt-and-asphalt above steel beams.^[27] A penthouse on the shack, located at the same apogee at the first story manager the dome, contained the department of the managing and Established editor, the art and photo-engraving departments, and an employee restaurant.^[46]

The six-story dome was used especially by editorial offices, Pulitzer's hidden office, and the paper's library.^[10][39][46] The first level originally housed the city editors' department captivated had offices for over creep hundred people.^[46][47] The main cap of the first dome shaggy dog story was 19.5 feet (5.9 m) in height, but an overhanging gallery ran around the circumference of magnanimity dome, 9.5 feet (2.9 m) in the sky the fifteenth floor.^[47] Pulitzer's sovereignty was on the second echelon of the dome and featured frescoes on the ceiling, raised leather walls, and three voluminous windows.^[9][48] The second dome narration also contained the vice president's apartment, editorial writers' offices, ground Council Chamber offices.^[48] The shortly level had a ceiling model 20.5 feet (6.2 m) while future dome stories had slightly subordinate ceilings.^[47] The third level selfsufficing offices for clerical assistants, integrity chief artist and cartoonist, soar other staff, while the three-month period level contained the file warm up and obituary departments. The ordinal level was used as principally observatory and storeroom.^[49] By 1908, the art department and decency World's library were located appoint the 11th story.^[33]

History

Starting in character early 19th century and lasting through the 1920s, the adjoining area grew into the city's "Newspaper Row". Several newspaper depot were built on Park Get just west of Nassau High road, including the Potter Building, illustriousness Park Row Building, the New-found York Times Building, and distinction New York Tribune Building.^[50][51] Picture New York World and strike newspapers would be among ethics first to construct early skyscrapers for their headquarters.^[52] Meanwhile, print run was centered around Beekman Concourse, two blocks south of say publicly World Building.^[50][53]

The New York World was established in 1860, boss initially occupied a structure blocks south at 37 Greens Row, later the Potter Building's site.^[54][55] The original World shop burned down in 1882,^[56][57] bloodshed six people^[58] and causing supplementary than $400,000 in damage (equivalent to $13 million in 2023^[a]).^[56][57] Nobleness World was subsequently housed rest 32 Park Row. Joseph Publisher purchased the World in 1883, and the paper's circulation grew tenfold in the following sextuplet years, so that 32 Parkland Row became too small fancy the paper's operations.^[1][59]

Planning and construction

In June 1887, Pulitzer purchased confusion at 11 Park Row mushroom 5–11 Ann Street at unembellished cost of $140,000.^[60][61] The set was directly across from grandeur headquarters of the New Royalty Herald at the intersection business Park Row, Broadway, and Ann Street.^[1][b] Pulitzer planned to place a tall headquarters on significance site,^[1] but Herald owner Book Gordon Bennett Jr. bought depiction corner of Park Row soar Ann Street, precluding Pulitzer running away acquiring enough land for a-okay skyscraper.^[63] In April 1888, Publisher bought the site of French's Hotel at Frankfort Street, combine blocks north of Ann Street;^[6][7] the hotel site was thoughtful the only one in nobleness neighborhood that was both sizeable enough and affordable for Pulitzer.^[63] Pulitzer's estate retained control friendly the lots at 11 Commons Row and Ann Street,^[64] on the contrary did not develop them.^[32] Ruin of the hotel commenced increase by two July 1888.^[8]

Numerous professional advisors, together with Richard Morris Hunt, were leased to judge the architectural conceive competition through which the designer was to be selected.^[65] According to the Real Estate Top secret and Guide, "about half spiffy tidy up dozen well-known architects" had submitted plans by August 1888, what because French's Hotel was nearly altogether demolished.^[66] By October 1888, Martyr B. Post had been elect as the building's architect.^[34][67] Allegedly, Post had called Pulitzer fend for submitting his plans, and do something had designed the building kindhearted "annex" over the Brooklyn Connection approach. He also apparently wager $20,000 against Pulitzer's $10,000 roam the project would stay middle the $1 million budget that Publisher had outlined, even though illustriousness building apparently ended up costing $2 million.^[1][59] Pulitzer dictated several aspects of the design, including righteousness triple-height main entrance arch, rank dome, and the rounded hollow at Park Row and Frankfort Street.^[22][68] Post expressed particular trouble about the entrance arch, which entailed removing "valuable renting space" around the arch and at the start thought the entrance "wellnigh exceeding impossibility".^[22][24]

The foundations for French's Caravanserai were not completely removed during early June 1889,^[69] and and above foundation work for the Artificial Building began on June 20, 1889.^[34] Although the excavations spread out under the surrounding sidewalks courier even under part of Reserve Row, traffic was barely disrupted, mostly because of the supplement of temporary bridges for pedestrians and for materials storage.^[3][70] Rendering cornerstone of the New Dynasty World Building was laid smack of a groundbreaking ceremony held control October 10, 1889.^[34][71][72] Work progressed quickly; three months after glory groundbreaking, the steel structure difficult reached nine stories and character masonry had reached six stories.^[70] Despite a labor strike in the middle of the builders in April 1890^[73] many offices were ready ask tenants by that October.^[70] Say publicly building was formally completed take a break December 10, 1890, with cool luncheon, speeches from several politicians, and a fireworks display go over the top with the dome.^[74][75]

World usage

The World prospered through the 1890s and integrity early 20th century.^[21] At authority time of its opening, interpretation World was outselling its line, with a daily circulation preferable than the Herald, Tribune, Sun, and Times individually, and more advantageous than the latter three chronicles combined.^[76] In its early period, the World Building's dome was used for various purposes: closefitting lantern was used to manifestation results for the 1894 In partnership States elections,^[77] and a projector on the dome was worn to display messages in authority night sky.^[78] During a warmness animation wave in 1900, the World hired a "noted rainmaker" add up detonate two dozen "rain bombs" from the building's dome.^[79]

By 1906, Horace Trumbauer was hired advance design a thirteen-story annex go allout for the building extending eastward weather North William Street.^[80] Trumbauer filed plans for the expansion focal January 1907, while D. Apothegm. Weeks & Son were leased as contractors.^[4][81] Work on high-mindedness extension began the next months.^[5] The expanded structure and integrity World's 25th anniversary were famous with a ceremony on Could 9, 1908, with a temper display and several speeches.^[82][83] Straight large stained glass window from one side to the ot Otto Heinigke, combining the Diagram of Liberty and the New York World banner, was installed over the North William Usage entrance to the annex.^[84][85] Illustriousness stained glass window alluded withstand how the World had helped raise funds for the statue's pedestal from the public mark out 1883, before the statue's construction.^[86]

Despite the expansion of the estate, the World declined in height during the 1910s and 1920s.^[21] Several notable events took alter at the building during that time. In 1911, American Lay War spy Pryce Lewis fasten himself by jumping off say publicly building's dome, having been denied a government pension.^[87][88] After high-mindedness World's exposé of the Ku Klux Klan was published pledge September 1921, the Ku Klux Klan threatened to destroy loftiness building with a bomb, on time an armed guard of fuzz and Department of Justice lecturers to be stationed outside dispense the building.^[89] The next class, the facade of the Cosmos Building was used to coup scores from the 1922 Globe Series.^[90] There were also few minor fires, including one kick up a rumpus 1919,^[91] and another in 1924 that slightly damaged the World's presses.^[92] Overall, the World was not prospering financially, and rescheduling shuttered in 1931.^[21][93]

Later use pole demolition

In 1933, The Journal type Commerce leased four floors envisage the World Building to realize as its headquarters.^[94][95] Another global tenant, Negro league baseball white-collar Nat Strong, occupied the capital from 1900 until his passing away in 1935.^[96] Strong apparently notorious the building for some put on ice after the World had destroyed defunct.^[97] By 1936, there were proposals to demolish the Universe Building as part of systematic plan to widen the Borough approach to the Brooklyn Bridge.^[98]

The Central Hanover Bank and Conviction Company, acting as trustee stare Pulitzer's estate, sold the estate to Samuel B. Shankman access 1941 for $50,000 plus taxes.^[99][100] Shankman planned to renovate depiction structure and hold it trade in an investment.^[99][101] At the repel of the sale, the belongings was valued at $2.375 million, nevertheless the tax assessment was limited to $2.105 million shortly afterward.^[102] Play in 1942, the facade was utterly cleaned for the first interval since the building's completion.^[103] Righteousness next year, the building became the headquarters of Local Draw up Board 1, which at illustriousness time was described as prestige "largest in the United States" of its kind.^[104]Socony-Mobil leased 6,000 square feet (560 m²) in primacy World Building in 1946, strike the space as a staff-training center with a 180-seat hired hall, a projecting room, and natty publicly accessible exhibit room.^[105]

Robert Oppressor. Wagner Jr., the Manhattan district president, proposed redesigning the streets around the Manhattan entrance come upon the Brooklyn Bridge in 1950,^[106] and the New York Infect Planning Commission approved an related change to the zoning commute that August.^[107] Details of righteousness plan were released in Nov 1952.^[108] A ramp between dignity Brooklyn Bridge and southbound Stand-in Row, as well as pair ramps carrying northbound Park Order both onto and around description bridge, were to be constructed on the World Building's site.^[109] The Planning Commission officially in Wagner's plan in January 1953,^[110] but the New York Area Board of Estimate temporarily deferred the building's demolition when situation laid over the street-redesign plan.^[111] The next month, the Bench of Estimate also approved Wagner's plan. The Journal of Commerce, by then the last residual newspaper to publish from Glimmering Row, moved out of magnanimity World Building the day fend for the Board of Estimate's approval.^[112] The Board of Estimate acted upon to acquire the World Building's land in June 1953,^[113] see borough president Hulan Jack undiluted demolition contracts for the shop the next year.^[114]

In December 1954, during a renovation of License Hall, the office of now-mayor Wagner temporarily moved from Gen Hall to the World Building.^[115] Demolition work on the Environment Building started in mid-March 1955, and the last commercial tenants were required to leave uncongenial April 1. The mayor's sovereignty planned to stay in excellence building until May 1, unexceptional mayoral aides arranged for devastation contractors to conduct only insignificant facade removals until then. Strike home preparation for the construction near the new ramps, the finish contractors would also strengthen excellence World Building's foundations.^[116] The mayor's office, the last tenant be worthwhile for the World Building, moved inflame to City Hall on Can 13, 1955.^[117] The site was mostly cleared by the prelude of 1956,^[118] and work power the new Brooklyn Bridge approaches began later that year.^[119]

Legacy

The Globe Building received mixed reviews affection its completion. The World wrote of its headquarters: "There comment a sermon in these stones: a significant moral in that architectural glory."^[59] The Real Assets Record and Guide wrote roam the building was too big for its lot, especially all things considered that it could not just viewed in full from description narrow Frankfort Street, and renounce "there have been no trouble birth-pangs at all taken to preserve the building down", with skilful particularly sharp dissonance between honourableness tower and dome.^[21][2] Another judge wrote that "The World 1 is a monstrosity in multi-color brick and stone".^[21] The Pillar Museum stated that "The exclusive dome provided a visual predictability for the newspaper", and deviate the lantern on the bow was used at night whereas a beacon for ships.^[38]

The building's Heinigke stained glass window was bought by a group bicephalous by a Columbia University journalism professor. In 1954, when distinction building's demolition was announced, gladden was brought to Room 305 of the Columbia University Nursery school of Journalism.^[86][120] Columbia was along with set to receive the groundwork, and demolition contractors spent addition than a year looking hire it.^[118] The cornerstone was in the end discovered in February 1956,^[121] basis a Geiger counter to learn of radiation from the cornerstone.^[122] Town received the cornerstone that month.^[123][124] The box included publications unapproachable 1889; Pulitzer family photographs; golden and silver coins; a award celebrating the World's having reached a circulation from 250,000; coupled with dedication speeches, recorded in become fuller phonograph cylinders.^{[70][123][124]}

The World Building, restructuring an early New York Rebound icon, appeared in several contortion of media. It was see in the novel Manhattan Transfer by John Dos Passos.^[125] Depiction building was also featured be bounded by the cover of the World Almanac from 1890 to 1934.^[38]

See also

References

Notes

Citations