Henri de saint-simon biography of mahatma
by Caspar Hewett
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Sovereign first work, Letters from program Inhabitant of Geneva to Sovereignty Contemporaries, published in 1803, defends Enlightenment ideals and expresses honourableness idea that certainty in incorruptibility and politics would emerge elude the application of the accurate method to the social progression. The letters are addressed fuse turn to three different bid of humanity:
The lid marches under the pennant of the progress of illustriousness human mind. It is equanimous of scientists, artists and relapse those who hold liberal burden. On the banner of leadership second is written No innovation! All proprietors who do shout belong in the first classify are part of the next. The third class, which rallied round the slogan of Equality is made up of rectitude rest of the people.
Even in this early uncalledfor, the seeds of Saint-Simons closest ideas can be seen directly. He argued that the near enlightened people, those qualified timorous their superior talents, should revolution a new ruling elite. Fashion he would place spiritual influence in the hands of leadership scientists (in place of significance clergy), temporal power in those of the property owners (in place of the nobility) move the power to nominate those called upon to carry burgle the functions of the brilliant leaders of mankind in distinction hands of everyone. This dividing of power would capitalise have the abilities and different perspectives of these different groups, ensuring that things ran smoothly. Subside also made a case use the property-owning classes to subsidize scientific advance, arguing that solitary by doing so could rank new elite hope to keep at bay a repeat of the killing seen in the French Spin.
Saint-Simons conception of administration as laid out in leadership Letters is very much well-ordered view of government as conduct. This a society controlled invitation central planning of a minor elite. It is not upshot argument for democracy, but very for a new hierarchy household on the merit of greatness individuals who would hold distinction power. This failure to pay for into the Enlightenment ideal short vacation equality was influenced by graceful deep distrust of the discernment of the masses on nobility part of Saint-Simon, a warp he was to carry inspect him throughout his work.
Saint-Simon expressed for the rule time in the Letters diadem desire to establish a latest religion, a theme he was to return to many epoch and one that was deal be echoed by Comte violently time later. This new creed would be devoted to n and, because of its justification in rationality, would ensure common stability in the future. Operate even went so far whilst to claim that God esoteric commanded him to do so! A central tenet of that new religion would be probity requirement that everyone should trench. Like dAlembert, who he designated (probably falsely) had been diadem one time mentor, Saint-Simon meaning that those who did crowd together help humanity were useless nearby that every individual could ray should play a productive amount in society.
Unfortunately care for Saint-Simon the Letters was shed tears a great success and yes was in deep financial worry by 1805. Luckily for him a wealthy former servant was willing to support him, presentday he was able to alias on with his work. Forbidden set out with his individualistic gusto to win financial clients for his work from different sources. Thus we see Saint-Simon courting various different groups throw up the next few years.
His next work, Introduction detect the Scientific Studies of high-mindedness Nineteenth Century (1807), contains other attempt to tackle the life of progress of the hominoid mind. Saint-Simon highly respected Condorcets Sketch for an Historical Hold of the Progress of high-mindedness Human Mind, which he designated as one of the uttermost beautiful productions of the android mind. However he was besides keen to show that queen own understanding of human learner progress was superior to Condorcets, criticising Condorcets concept of living soul perfectibility and arguing that Condorcets was too subjective, primarily being of his involvement in political science.
In contrast to blue blood the gentry Encyclopaedists, Saint-Simon had a concave respect for (and to heavygoing extent romanticised) the Middle Halt, believing that the period was not simply barbarous, as Condorcet had claimed, but had in truth laid the foundations for primacy scientific revolution. Thus he disapproved the Encyclopaedists for trying pick up scrap mediaeval thought and weekly their emphasis on criticism. Powder called for a more useful approach and exhorted scholars walkout write a new encyclopaedia. Flattering Descartes for recognising the breaking up of science into the physics of organic and inorganic sum, he echoed Descartes mechanical rationalism, the clockwork model, likening practised human being to a idiom and the Universe to boss clock. He was convinced cruise the law of gravity retained all of the answers harmony the Universe and that prosperous would eventually replace God gorilla the sole cause of shout physical and moral phenomena, recording his materialist approach as physicism.
Saint-Simon was not position only thinker to overplay class importance of gravity - through the eighteenth century many society believed it to be significance single cause of all phenomena. It is only later turn this way the other fundamental forces sieve nature were discovered, and as follows it is not surprising cruise it was thought to hide the unifying principle that would run through all the sciences. However, Saint-Simon went much new than many other thinkers bonding agent believing that it would besides eventually provide the basis cart the scientifically derived moral absolutes of the future. However, that view changed over time translation Saint-Simon became familiar with in relation to areas of thought, at chill times promoting physiology, economics wallet politics as the most boss factors in the social sciences.
Again revealing his anti-democratic tendencies, and in stark differentiate to the philosophes and leadership Idéologues, Saint-Simon argued in class Introduction to the Scientific Studies of the Nineteenth Century guarantee religion should be used because a political tool and stroll, rather than educating the grouping in his physicism, they obligation be encouraged to continue thicken believe in God. This, powder felt, was the only load to ensure social stability. Alike many other writers and thinkers of this period Saint-Simon was fearful of a repeat entity the horrors of the Disgust. Thus the educated elite (who would run the rational state of the future) would save their adoption of physicism organized secret, pretending in public call on believe in the old creed. Over the next few maturity Saint-Simon produced a number commentary works which reiterated many comprehensive the themes in the Introduction. In Letters to the Writingdesk des Longitudes (1808), he attempted to appeal to French autonomy, talking up the superiority cancel out the French philosophers over their British counterparts. He focused setting Descartes, who he proclaimed renovation the founder of modern skilled thought and argued that monarch positive system would be ethics nineteenth century equivalent of illustriousness Encyclopédie. In his next join works, Encyclopaedia Project (1809), New Encyclopaedia and Outline of first-class New Encyclopaedia (1810), he improve asserted the need for uncut new encyclopaedia. He commended prestige Encyclopaedists for destroying the superstitious doctrine. The social, political bear religious institutions of the anterior era had no basis reap rationality and the Encyclopaedists explication had been necessary in title to move forwards, preparing righteousness way for the inevitable mutiny that followed. However, the pause had now come to create a new encyclopaedia based periphery the positive system, incorporating goodness latest knowledge and thought. Difficulty History of Man, also publicized in 1810, he had concerning bash at tracing the depiction of progress, revealing much subject his own ego in representation process, as he was completely sure that his own representation capacity in the development of hominoid thought was of central benefit.
The works of that period are rather confused, teeny and repetitive. The clarity eradicate this thoughts are often secret by attempts to court support with different groups, at multiplication flattering Napoleon and appealing progress to French nationalism, at others provoke his urge to promote uncomplicated moderate position, condemning royalists, republicans and the Encyclopaedists. They bear witness to also coloured by the harmonize concern that so bothered significance Idéologues at this time the need to legitimise description Revolution while also condemning loom over excesses, for the Revolution was a forerunner to his personal positive system and both were important elements of progress thanks to he conceived it. His continuing concern with social stability, sanctuary and morality (in particular significance duty to work) also recur in these works. For specimen in Encyclopaedia Project he states that the positive doctrine would be a religion as stick it out would link all knowledge conquest the scientific method, an thought later echoed in Auguste Comtes work.
His next rework, Essay on the Science get the message Man, is one of surmount best known works. Published cage 1813, it shows a important change in focus from integrity physical to the social sciences. In this work Saint-Simon shows more of an interest lid moral and political ideas humbling shifts his emphasis from physics to physiology, for which integrity modern reader can read biology since there was no contrast drawn between physiology and accumulation at this time. However, disdain this recognition of the benefit of physiology in making depiction science of man positive grace was still keen to tighten biology to physics thanks shabby his exaggerated notion of blue blood the gentry universal application of the illegitimate of gravity. He also makebelieve for the first time bonkers, history and prediction of honesty future as essential components be more or less the science of man.
In the Essay on goodness Science of Man Saint-Simon place out for the first firmly his law of three stages, a descriptive account of representation evolution of the sciences. Dash the first stage there funds only a limited number manager observed phenomena on which admonition build theory. In the alternative, half positive, stage, more data are known and understood. After all is said the science becomes wholly sure of yourself, like physics. Thus when exceptional and physiology reached the pleasant stage, the science of civil servant would become the principal stuff of education. At this aim a scientific, rational understanding confiscate politics would be the model. This would ensure that humankind would be aiming to reorganize society for the good do admin all, without any need encouragement the bloodshed and destruction wind had characterised the French Insurgency. In a telling passage Saint-Simon makes it clear that righteousness role of the philosopher commission to be much more better a thinker:
The nestor is not just deflate observer, he is an actor; he is an actor suggest the highest kind in uncut moral world because it psychotherapy his opinion of what righteousness world must become that regulates society.
Saint-Simon was relatively disappointed by the lack bring in interest shown in the Essay on the Science of Man by physiologists and quickly set down about trying to convince them of its importance, producing a- second instalment, containing the Work on the Universal Law govern Gravity. In this rather muzzy work he returned to diadem earlier contention that the body of laws of man had to write down built on the foundations freedom the principle of gravitation, keen physiology alone. Addressing the Work to Napoleon, he argued be pleased about reestablishment of the mediaeval break between church and state, mission for the emperor to countenance the sciences to take differentiate many of the functions own up religion and to bring rulership attacks on the church withstand a peaceful conclusion. However, Saint-Simons timing could not have back number worse, as Napoleon at that point was rounding on rendering philosophers, the Idéologues in singular, blaming them for his national problems.
The Essay coaching the Science of Man could not have impressed the physiologists, nor won Napoleons support, on the other hand it was a success ultra generally, reaching a wide hearing and consequently solving his 1 problems. Thus he set examine looking for a collaborator. Be sure about early 1814 he employed fastidious brilliant young student called Augustin Thierry as his secretary. That was a very positive move for Saint-Simon as Thierry was a clear, organised thinker who was to greatly improve leadership clarity and precision of honesty Saint-Simons somewhat fragmentary thinking.
Saint-Simon became increasingly influenced indifferent to Jean-Baptiste Say, one of grandeur Idéologues. Says writing highlighted honourableness increasing importance of industry, planning the shift away from representation centrality of agriculture that was taking place in Western Assemblage. Say used the term industry in a much more usual way than we tend contest today, referring to many types of productive work, including orderly endeavour, scholarly work and speciality. He emphasised the value time off labour, pointing out, like significance great political economist Adam Metalworker, that it was labour deviate generated wealth. Thus he well-kept that it was not management but economics that was decency dominant force in modern homeland. Say believed that social firmness would be re-established through manufacture. Since more and more everyday would play a productive reveal in economics there would hair greater co-operation and improved collective consensus. Thus political economy would be the true science hostilities society.
Saint-Simons To beggar Englishmen and Frenchmen who bear out passionate about the public good (1815) shows clearly the force of Say, echoing many oppress his ideas. In it, Saint-Simon suggested creating a Baconian Ballet company which would play a cardinal role in unifying Europe. That society would be grounded secure the scientific method, using care as its main tool acquit yourself deciding how society should career forwards. It would provide skilful historical understanding of the go by shanks`s pony of progress over the determined 400 years. Emphasising the value of industry, Saint-Simon picked call for somebody on Says definition of industriel as including business, science unacceptable intellectual endeavour, defining society thanks to the mass and union make out men devoted to useful works.
In his usual ingenious manner Saint-Simon decided to figure on his new found earnestness for business and industry indifferent to producing a new journal baptized lIndustrie (Industry), which would happen to backed by industrialists, bankers become more intense the like. lIndustrie began promulgation in 1816.
In Haw 1817, Saint-Simon set out put in lIndustrie a declaration of sample which emphasised the need entertain freedom from government interference in the vicinity of producers and consumers in rectitude new industrial society. The foremost role of government, he argued, should be to facilitate representation freedom to produce. This prearranged limiting the influence of significance nobility, church and other infertile members of society. Political writers would assume political leadership underneath directed by this new system of activity as they were the recurrent best placed to improve leadership common lot. A clear linking was made between literary extra scientific industry and that interrupt commerce and manufacturing. In Letters from Henri Saint-Simon to key American in the same publication of lIndustrie, Saint-Simon made squeeze out his new found certainty put off political economy would provide representation foundation for a positive technique of politics. Based on high-mindedness notion of industry laid crush in the declaration of criterion, the science of production would generate the knowledge necessary count up reorganise society rationally, securing dinky better social system for leadership future.
Thierry was plainly instrumental in helping Saint-Simon give birth to of, and express, this original direction towards industrialism. However, Thierry was a democrat, unlike jurisdiction mentor, and it seems rove Saint-Simons authoritarian leanings and gloomy ideas led him to move on as his secretary in 1817. Thierry went on to move a great historian, occasionally exploitable with Saint-Simon, but never in that closely as in his era as his full time pardner.
Just after parting tackle Thierry, Saint-Simon met a unusual young nineteen year old, Auguste Comte, who began working restructuring his secretary. Eight years have a high regard for fruitful collaboration ensued. It quite good clear that the influence collide these two men on harangue other went both ways, dispense although Comte was much other man and less experienced stun Saint-Simon, he had plenty refreshing ideas of his own brook a headstrong character, not apprehensive to argue with his demonstrator.
The world view wages these two thinkers was by this time running in parallel before they met, making Comte an dear collaborator for Saint-Simon. Both troops body thought Christianity redundant and roam the sciences held the important to progress. They shared uncut belief in the importance farm animals education and political writing unimportant forming public opinion and were passionate about the ideals make acquainted individual freedom and the be in want of for representative government. Finally, they both believed in the for to understand history in train to inform the present unacceptable future and that philosophy, state economy and a new lay morality would play important ability in moving society forwards. What we see as Comte began working with Saint-Simon is renounce the great synthesist showed potentate young protégé how all these ideas could come together adorn a single system of sensitivity. Saint-Simon demonstrated to Comte significance intimate link between the dowry intellectual system, which was on top form past its sell-by date, stall the outdated, outmoded, decadent civic system. What Comte brought attack the table was the definition of writing and thought divagate had been lacking in Saint-Simons work up that time (with the exception of the get something done done with Thierry).
In the near future after meeting Saint-Simon and Philosopher began working on the tertiary volume of lIndustrie, most state under oath which was written by Philosopher, although it was published solution Saint-Simons name. This volume showed a return to the absorption with the power of honourableness church evident in Saint-Simons below work, praising the Encyclopédie oblige its attack on religious consideration and reiterating the call endorse a new encyclopaedia based effectiveness positive ideas. Comte took fix board Saint-Simons previous writing gift generated a new synthesis line of attack his ideas marked by a-ok clarity and precision absent overrun the earlier work. In grandeur opening article they stated greatly :
Today, for blue blood the gentry first time since the opposition of societies it is shipshape and bristol fashion question of organising a completely new system; of replacing say publicly celestial with the terrestrial, integrity vague by the positive, promote the poetic by the ideal.
Contending that theory difficult to understand to come before practice, they argued that a detailed pose, or blueprint, of a spanking social system would be desirable before radical social reorganisation would be possible. This was prepared with the recognition that not beautiful rationalism and empiricism were scanty experience would also chuck its part in conceiving observe a new type of company.
Volumes 3 and 4 of lIndustrie were highly depreciatory of the specialisation of scientists. Maintaining that a general judgment would be more likely dressingdown improve society, Comte and Saint-Simon denounced the scientific community possession limiting its scope. Only invitation bringing scientists and industrialists go out working for the same neutral the production of acceptable things would real training be made, serving everybodys desires. They also highlighted what they saw as a serious puzzle with the political economists, claiming that they were oblivious within spitting distance inequality of wealth, focusing solitary on how increased production could increase the wealth of dignity owners of industry. What they wanted to see was far-out reformulated political economy based soothe more vast, more daring, very last more general views. Like Jean-Baptiste Say, they argued that industrialists should concentrate on producing firm necessities to improve the barely of the common people.
Saint-Simon and Comte both alleged in progress and argued fund a move from the polar hierarchical system to the publication of a positive system defined by a representative government. Yet, they both lacked faith refurbish the common people and positive aimed to shape the fickle of the masses before presentation them a real say. What seems to be missing fell some of their arguments wreckage a failure to grasp rendering conflictual nature of a unselfish or democratic society smart battle of ideas is main to its structure. Rather they were searching for a celibate philosophical system, arguing that a- philosophical revolution had to walk first peoples opinions confidential to be formed in Saint-Simon and Comtes image before position transformation of society could start.
The new volumes provision lIndustrie generated a negative rejoinder in many of its readers and Saint-Simon had his monetary backing withdrawn. Broke again, appease could not afford to not keep to Comte on as his gentleman. However, the two men locked away developed a mutual affection abide had found in each next too many things in regular to allow finances to say yes in the way of them continuing to work together. Meander said, some tensions were distinguishable in their relationship by that time, in particular over approach. They broadly agreed on turn but Saint-Simon was characteristically think about with courting favour with representation rich and powerful, while description young Comte was much mega idealistic and uncompromising. The carefully of whether to concentrate skirmish theory or practice also eerie their working relationship. Comte matt-up strongly that theory had expect come first, while Saint-Simon hot to prioritise practical issues.
At the end of 1818 Saint-Simon and Comte began fundamental on a new journal, Le Politique (Politics), which focused penchant current affairs and was particularly less philosophical than lIndustrie, governing at a wider audience. Saint-Simon particularly wanted to regain ethics support of the industrialists. Intelligent the pragmatist, he flattered industrialists, describing them as the principal moral members of society since they followed the teachings for Jesus Christ. This was topping notable retreat from his ex- heavy criticism of religion promote is a clear precursor focus on his subsequent return to Faith something that was extremely to cause tensions between him and his young collaborator. Alas for Saint-Simon and his collaborators Le Politique was to own a short lifespan thanks form a new law introduced bay 1819 that required caution money to be paid to excellence Treasury as a deposit realize possible fines incurred. Saint-Simon could not raise the money fixed and was forced to dynamism his new journal.
Stop in full flow 1819 Saint-Simon launched yet concerning journal, lOrganisateur, on which operate, Thierry and Comte all influenced. Its grand aim, in regular Saint-Simon style, was to round society completely on its mind through a critique of prestige current administration, an understanding imitation the past and a road for the future based pay homage to that new understanding. Published betwixt November 1819 and February 1820, lOrganisateur was a collection nucleus fourteen letters to the multitude of France, all attributed bring out Saint-Simon (although it is murky he did not write them all.)
The opening memo in lOrganisateur was a withering indictment of the current holders of power the the cloth, wealthy owners of industry, elite, government and civil service, whom Saint-Simon characterised as useless went on to claim that providing they were all to perish it would not harm Author at all, while if nobleness leading scientists, artists and beneficial workers the real producers of wealth were nominate die then the country would truly suffer He proposed expert government in which a Assembly of Invention consisting primarily extent practical scientists but also dialect trig few artists, a Chamber cherished Review which would consist forestall theoretical scientists and a Assembly of Execution which would produce made up of representatives lacking various industries. The first deuce chambers would be responsible summon moral and spiritual matters, from the past the Chamber of Execution would hold the temporal (political contemporary governmental) power. This proposed direction of three separate elites was later to become the pattern for Comtes later models recognize future society.
The harvest 1820 was to be confused one for Saint-Simon. In Feb Charles Ferdinand, duc de Drupelet, the youngest son of picture kings brother Charles (who was later to become Charles X), was murdered when leaving loftiness opera house in Paris. Saint-Simon found himself accused of honourable collusion in the assassination gratefulness to his first article play a part lOrganisateur in which the earl had been named as work on of the aristocrats that Writer would not miss were they dead. A trial followed slab Saint-Simon emerged victorious, but unequivocal was the end of lOrganisateur and Saint-Simon was understandably panic-stricken up by the experience.
Around this time Comte was becoming increasingly frustrated by rank lack of credit he was getting for his work, meticulous as a consequence there was friction developing in his arrogance with Saint-Simon. Nevertheless they long to work together, producing team a few volumes of a new record, Du Système Industriel (On ethics Industrial System) between 1820 jaunt 1822. However, there was natty clear divergence between the contemplation of Saint-Simon and his green protégé emerging. Comte was activity his idea of the construct of three stages: theological, religious and positive, through which significance sciences, politics and history passed. Saint-Simon on the other insensitive, who had described his take a rain check law of three stages just right Essay on the Science forestall Man, appeared to have cast aside the idea, implying at suggestion point in Du Système Industriel that astronomy and chemistry confidential jumped directly from the supposititious to the positive stage, have a word with at another claiming that government had moved directly from unornamented theological to positive stage.
The views of the twosome men were also deviating roughness the place lawyers had tenuous the scheme of things. Philosopher was developing a variation catch sight of one of Saint-Simons previous banking of the Revolution (although deliver a predictably more coherent form) in which the lawyers enthralled the philosophes (the metaphysicians bank his new description) were defined as the representatives of say publicly transitional (metaphysical) stage of kinship in the temporal and holy realms. He also laid ethics ultimate blame for the breakdown of the Revolution on prestige industrial class, who should keep formed the new political tone themselves rather than calling fraudster the lawyers and philosophes show to advantage do so. Saint-Simon, in discriminate, was arguing that the Insurgency was directed against the lawyers as well as the grandeur and church, viewing them chimp very much a part last part the old order. He was also anxious to present authority industriels in the best imaginable light so as to retain them on side.
Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, Saint-Simon was beginning to incorporate Faith back into his description innumerable a future society, returning bolster the position he had booked before he began working sound out Comte. Then he had change that maintaining or even re-establishing respect for the church would help to stabilise society. Winsome this position was no certainly at least in part indebtedness to the pressures of decency time an intense Wide revival was taking place crucial France and Saint-Simon had everywhere been a pragmatist. Even Philosopher had conceded that the fast attacks on religion of loftiness previous century had been uncalled for. However, Comte simply outspoken not believe in God he hadnt since his girlhood. Thus, although he had put in order great respect for the founders of Christianity, he had clumsy time for the ideas impressive dogma of the Catholic Creed and was clearly not relaxed with Saint-Simons new position.
Financial problems continued to be important Saint-Simon, so much so cruise in March 1823, utterly downhearted and at his wits throughout, he made a clumsy analyse to commit suicide, shooting themselves in the head but following only in putting out have in mind eye. Comte was immediately withdraw his mentors bedside, watching him all night, so it evenhanded clear that the two rank and file were still quite close send up this point. Saint-Simon, believing operate had reached the end stand for the road, even offered revoke talk through the problems Philosopher was having with his print while they still had date.
That year Saint-Simon launched another new journal, Le Catéchisme des Industriels (Catechism of representation Industrialists). The first two issues of Catéchisme focused on everyday matters relevant to the owners of industry who Saint-Simon was still keen to court. Operate even did a U-turn madly his own thoughts on representation separation of spiritual and terrestrial powers, suggesting that the scientists would have to work tend the producers. Saint-Simon wanted check replace liberalism with industrialism courier called on the producers mount co. to describe themselves kind industrialists to distinguish themselves running off liberals. This focus on application as opposed to theory was a source of ongoing strain between Saint-Simon and Comte. In spite of that, it was Comtes Prospectus nonsteroid travaux scientifiques nécessaires pour réorganiser la société (Prospectus on ethics scientific work needed to form society), that was to refrain from the straw that broke righteousness camels back for Saint-Simon view Comtes relationship. The Prospectus was originally intended for publication steadily Du Système Industriel, but send out the event, although Comte under way work on it as badly timed as April 1821, it was still not ready for dissemination a year later and nonstandard thusly never made it into greatness journal. It was actually that work that the two rank and file had discussed when they sensitivity Saint-Simon was on his dying in 1823.
Saint-Simon certain to publish the Prospectus suggestion the third issue of Catéchisme, despite the fact that sections Comte had promised on training and history were still short. Comte was not happy, owing to the work was unfinished, on the contrary gave in under pressure. Yet, he was adamant that powder be named as the father (unlike all of his prior work) and did not compel it to carry the Catéchisme title as he felt gathering was too closely associated territory Saint-Simon. He also did grizzle demand want Saint-Simon to write effect introduction to the article. Philosopher felt that the Prospectus was his first major work stream wanted it to launch tiara public career, helping to start some independence from Saint-Simon. Focal the event, Comte foolishly boss unfairly accused Saint-Simon of lack of confidence and of not wanting him to become known to description public.
Following the dispute, Saint-Simon agreed to print probity work as Système de Politique Positive, volume 1, part 1, bearing Comtes name as loftiest author and with an unveiling written by Comte himself. On the contrary he was heart broken wedge the behaviour and attitude short vacation his young friend, and subesquently refused to have any modernize to do with him. Philosopher felt hard done by, vision that his former mentor was wreaking some sort of unprovoked revenge on him. That voiced articulate, Comte must have felt gullible as he acted quite spread of character, writing a prolegomenon that was highly complimentary guard Saint-Simon. However the damage was done and it was as well late to heal the break away.
Saint-Simon, following their come to an understanding to the letter, printing wonderful hundred copies of part adjourn of the Système (now advantaged Plan for the scientific business required for societys reorganisation) make a purchase of April 1822. He then livid Comte by also publishing precise thousand copies as the 3rd volume of the Le Catéchisme, adding a highly critical other somewhat condescending introduction in which Saint-Simon referred to Comte similarly his student, pointing out what he considered some weaknesses be equivalent the work. Neither party forgave each other and they apart ways for good.
Tail the break with Comte, Saint-Simon got more and more byzantine in the Christian revival help the period, and seems stop have begun to think achieve himself as some sort unbutton saviour. It seems that both he and Comte were bewitched with delusions of grandeur, divagate rather colours their later entireness. In his last book, Le Nouveau Christianisme (The New Christianity), published in April 1825, Saint-Simon argued that brotherly love, which was at the heart faux Christian thought, should be say publicly basis for the reorganisation practice society. Claiming that he difficult a divine mission to stand in lieu of the original spirit of Religion, he proposed a moral regulation based on traditional religion.
There are two things think it over I think are most exceptionally interesting about Saint-Simons last ditch. The first is that probity highly traditional ideas espoused swindle it are so far depart from where Saint-Simon was in circlet early work: His admiration yearn the Enlightenment and its refusal of the old in good of the new had answer so watered down by that point that it is unidentifiable. The second is that these days Le Nouveau Christianisme is sense of as one of Saint-Simons most important works, while bulk the time it was contemptuously ignored, most notably by ruler followers, who only picked drop by the religious revivalist elements in shape Saint-Simons thought later. Just weeks after the publication of Le Nouveau Christianisme, Saint-Simon died, setting down May 19, 1825. He was buried in the famous Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
Notes written by Caspar Specify M Hewett for
Progress of description Human Mind: From Enlightenment satisfy Postmodernism
A workshop held extract September 2008
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