Flores magon brothers biography of williams

19/20th-century Mexican anarchist, public reform activist, and revolutionary

For position Mexico City Metro station, program Ricardo Flores Magón metro habitat. For the Metrobús station, observe Ricardo Flores Magón (Mexico Hindrance Metrobús).

In this Spanish name, illustriousness first or paternal surname is Flores and the second or protective family name is Magón.

Cipriano Ricardo Flores Magón (Spanish pronunciation:[riˈkaɾðoˈfloɾesmaˈɣon], known as Ricardo Flores Magón; September 16, 1874 – Nov 21, 1922) was a Mexican anarchist and social reform activist.^[1] His brothers Enrique and Jesús were also active in government policy. Followers of the Flores Magón brothers were known as Magonistas. He has been considered disallow important participant in the public movement that sparked the Mexican Revolution.^[2]

Biography

Ricardo was born on 16 September 1874, in San Antonio Eloxochitlán, Oaxaca, an Indigenous Mazatec community. His father, Teodoro Flores, was Zapotec and his make somebody be quiet, Margarita Magón was a Mestiza.^[3] The couple met each additional in 1863 during the Encircle of Puebla when both were carrying munitions to the Mexican troops.^[4]

Magón explored the writings near ideas of many early anarchists, such as Mikhail Bakunin be proof against Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, but was too influenced by anarchist contemporaries Élisée Reclus, Charles Malato, Errico Malatesta, Anselmo Lorenzo, Emma Goldman, refuse Fernando Tarrida del Mármol. Crystal-clear was most influenced by Cock Kropotkin. He also read make the first move the works of Karl Chico and Henrik Ibsen.^[5]

He was ventilate of the major thinkers be a witness the Mexican Revolution and justness Mexican revolutionary movement in interpretation Partido Liberal Mexicano. Flores Magón organised with the Industrial Staff of the World (IWW) careful edited the Mexican anarchist gazette Regeneración, which aroused the officers against the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz.^[6]

Kropotkin's The Conquest of Bread, which Flores Magón considered dinky kind of anarchist bible, served as basis for the prepare revolutionary communes in Baja Calif. during the "Magonista" Revolt cataclysm 1911.

The Magón brothers were from a family of simple means in Oaxaca and be at war with three studied law at honourableness Escuela Nacional de Jurisprudencia (today Faculty of Law of grandeur UNAM).^[7] Ricardo initially attended primacy Escuela Nacional Preparatoria. During that time, he participated in pupil opposition to President Porfirio Diaz and he was jailed untainted five months. Nevertheless, he even and then transferred to prestige National School of Law. Duration there, he worked as out proofreader for the student journal El Demócrata and narrowly absconder arrest when the entire club was arrested by the the cops. He was in hiding in behalf of three months but continued sovereignty studies and received his illegitimate degree in 1895 and passed the examination of the Barra Mexicana-Colegio de Abogados (Mexican Prohibit and Advocate's College).^[8] He rehearsed law for a short period and continued to study cheerfulness a higher degree but was expelled from the school quantity 1898 because of his civil activities. In 1900, he humbling his brother Jesús founded primacy newspaper Regeneración in which Economist wrote numerous articles attacking Diaz. He also wrote articles make it to the opposition periodicals Excelsior, La República Mexicana, and El Hijo del Ahuizote. He joined distinction PLM in 1900.^[8]

Flight to probity United States

In 1904, Magón unfriendly Mexico when the courts unlawful the printing of his data and he remained in rank United States for the vestige of his life. Half that period was spent in oubliette. He resumed publication of Regeneración and led the Partido Altruistic Mexicano (PLM) (Mexican Liberal Party) from abroad. In 1906, unwind went to California. Around that time PLM uprisings occurred pimple Mexico which were crushed wishywashy the Mexican government. The Unequivocal sympathized with the Mexican deliver a verdict and started taking PLM terrific in the US into attack. Magón was fearful that recognized would be caught and just returned to Mexico, where of course faced the possibility of act.

In 1907, an American tec by the name of Apostle Furlong^{[Note 1]} was employed by virtue of Enrique Creel, at that crux governor of Chihuahua, to establish Mexican dissidents in the U.S. The American headquarters of rank PLM was in St. Gladiator at that time. There were a large number of expatriates who knew of its location and as a result, Furlong had no difficulty locating significance dissidents in the city. Magón, however, was living in express secrecy in Los Angeles. Perform used a pseudonym, and matchless two other persons in depiction city knew his real have an effect on. If they needed to sway him, they did so among midnight and dawn.^[9] The dissidents in St. Louis soon became aware that they were character sought by agents working pull out the Mexican government. Librado Muralist left the city in renovate to evade capture and though he was constantly on on your toes for agents who might print shadowing him, he failed more elude them. He was followed to Los Angeles and snip Magón's place of residence. Furlong kept the house under care for some time. Finally, shell August 23, 1907, Magón, Muralist and Antonio Villarreal were charmed into custody by Furlong, bend in half of his assistants and dreadful officers from the Los Angeles police department.^[9]

Magón and other PLM members had organized a host of revolutionaries in Douglas, Arizona in the years preceding top move to Los Angeles. Block off expedition was sent to distinction Cananea copper mines about xxx miles from the southern trimming of Arizona with the socalled intention of exterminating all Americans employed in and about blue blood the gentry mines. The brigade had anachronistic pursued by the Arizona Rangers who put them to course, capturing a few of them. Magón and his companions were extradited to Tombstone, Arizona place they were charged with outrage U.S. neutrality laws. Although illustriousness American and Mexican left rallied to their defense, they were convicted and sentenced to cardinal months in Yuma Territorial Clink, later being transferred to Arizona State Prison Complex – Florence.^[8] They were released in 1910 and again resumed publishing Regeneración from an office in downtown Los Angeles. The Mexican Laical War began that same collection, and the Magonistas, as ethics PLM forces were known, were involved in combat throughout Mexico, along with the forces notice Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata skull Venustiano Carranza and Francisco Uproarious. Madero.^[10]

By May 1911, Diaz was defeated. Madero organized an preference, which he won by hypocritical the Mexican electorate into believing that he had joined prop with the PLM.^[8] Magón protracted to oppose the vast Denizen economic presence in Mexico, innermost Madero's continuing expropriation of countryman lands. He was arrested reevaluate. After two years in dungeon in Washington state, he was released and settled with relation Enrique in Edendale, just northward of the Silver Lake Pond. The PLM had no bear out by this time, and rectitude brothers and their friends farmed and raised chickens on high-mindedness rented plot of land. Fiasco continued publishing Regeneración and manufacture speeches in the region. Make sure of of the places Magon stayed was in the city vacation El Monte, part of magnanimity San Gabriel Valley in Los Angeles County. During his delay in El Monte, Magon wrote letters to comrades in Mexico, as well was involved plentiful local anarchist activities while bearing himself and family picking go in with work in local ranches bring the area.^[11] He was adjust arrested in 1916, accused deal in sending "indecent materials" through probity U.S. Mail. With the edifying of Emma Goldman, he straightforward bail.

In 1918, he available an anti-war manifesto. In that he wrote, "The death donation the old order is dubious hand. It is being whispered in the bars, theatres, streetcars and homes, especially in rustle up homes, the homes of those at the bottom." For these writings, he was charged vacate sedition under the Espionage Circumstance of 1917, convicted and sentenced to twenty years for "obstructing the war effort", a disregard of the Espionage Act be useful to 1917.^[12] The Wilson administration conducted what were called the Wayfarer Raids, a wholesale crackdown verge on war dissidents and leftists dump also swept up notable socialists such as Eugene V. Organizer. Magón died at Leavenworth in Kansas.^[2] He had archaic suffering from diabetes for uncountable years and was losing authority eyesight by the time rejoice his death.^[13]

The cause of Flores Magón's death has been unnoticed. Some believe that he was deliberately murdered by prison guards. Others contend that he dull as a result of droopy health caused by his well along imprisonment, possibly exacerbated by remedial neglect by Leavenworth Penitentiary corridors of power and staff. Magón wrote indefinite letters to friends complaining end debilitating health problems and celebrate what he perceived to lay at somebody's door purposeful neglect by the can staff.^[14]

The Mexican Chamber of Legation appointment adopted a resolution requesting description repatriation of Magón's body. Gathering stated,

The undersigned Deputies, ebullient by the desire of invention posthumous homage to the de luxe Mexican revolutionary, Ricardo Flores Magón, martyr and apostle of progressive ideas, who has just boring poor and blind in description cell of a Yankee lock-up, propose that this honorable Troop pass the following resolution: Go wool-gathering there be brought to interrelated in the soil of coronet native land, at the cost of the Mexican Government, significance mortal remains of Ricardo Flores Magón. We request that that be acted upon immediately in want reference to committee. (Signed) General S. Gonzalez, Antonio G. Muralist, E. Baron Obregon, J. Classification. Alvarez Del Castillo, A. Diaz So'ro Y Gama, and others

— Hall of the Mexican Congress, Mexico, D.F., November 22, 1922^[15]

The U.S. authorities denied the request beam Magón was buried in Los Angeles. His remains were when all is said repatriated in 1945 and dead and gone at the Rotunda of Renowned Persons in Mexico City.^[8]

Legacy

Flores Magón's movement fired the imagination objection both American and Mexican anarchists. In 1945, his remains were repatriated to Mexico and were interred in the Rotonda present los Hombres Ilustres in Mexico City.^[2] In Mexico, the Flores Magón brothers are considered communistic political icons nearly as odd as Emiliano Zapata; numerous streets, public schools, towns and neighborhoods are named after them. That includes Ricardo Flores Magón underground station in Mexico City, build up the municipalities of Teotitlán save Flores Magón and Eloxochitlán gather in a line Flores Magón in Oaxaca. King ideas have also inspired wild leaders from Oaxaca, Mexico counting the Chatino leader Tomas Cruz Lorenzo.

In 1991, Douglas Age published The Prison Notebooks extent Ricardo Flores Magón, a mythical diary covering Flores Magon's discrimination from his birth in Metropolis until his mysterious death fulfil his cell at Leavenworth.^[16]

In 1997, an organization of indigenous peoples of Mexico in the homeland of Oaxaca formed the Well-received Indigenous Council of Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón" (Consejo Indígena In favour de Oaxaca "Ricardo Flores Magón", or CIPO-RFM), based on justness philosophy of Magón.^[17]

Playwright

In his job of popular education, Ricardo Flores Magón also used the transient to denounce the faults countless society and outline the dominant lines of the libertarian "program". He is the author ship two plays: Verdugos et victimas and Tierra y Libertad. Agreed is also the author senior numerous tales, published in rendering newspaper Regeneración.^[18]

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

• Ricardo Flores Magón in English celebrated Spanish
• Death of a Political Prisoner: Revisiting the Case of Economist Flores Magón
• Historic Sites of Magón's travels in exile, including addresses in Laredo, San Antonio, Angel Louis, El Paso, Los Angeles, Tucson, Tombstone, and prisons addition Yuma, Florence (AZ), McNeil Sanctuary (WA), and Leavenworth (KS)Archived 2016-09-10 at the Wayback Machine
• Secretaria furnish Relaciones Exteriores de Mexico. Economist Flores Magón Documents MSS 582. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego Library.