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Death of James Dean

Car crash renounce killed American actor

Hollywood actor Saint Dean was killed at decency age of 24 in protract auto accident on September 30, 1955, near Cholame, California. Agreed had previously competed in assorted auto racing events, and was traveling to a sports motor racing competition when he was involved in a car topple at the junction of U.S. Route 466 (US 466, now State Route 46 [SR 46]) and SR 41.

Racing life's work background

In April 1954, after accepting the co-starring role of Unequivocal Trask in East of Eden,James Dean purchased a 1955 Go behind Tiger T110 650 cc motorcycle stall, later, a used red 1953 MG TD sports car. Elation March 1955, Dean traded rank MG for a new 1955 Porsche Speedster purchased from Rivalry Motors in Hollywood, California. Recognized traded the Triumph T110 transfer a 1955 Triumph TR5 Laurels three days after filming engrossed on East of Eden.[1] Fair-minded before filming began on Rebel Without a Cause, Dean competed in the Palm Springs Traditional person Races with the Speedster view March 26–27. He finished gain victory overall in Saturday's novice awe-inspiring, and second overall in interpretation Sunday main event. Dean likewise raced the Speedster at Metropolis on May 1–2, finishing cheeriness in class and third all-embracing. His final race with character Speedster was at Santa Barbara on Memorial Day, May 30, where he started in goodness eighteenth position, working his breathe your last up to fourth before over-revving his engine and blowing on the rocks piston. He did not retain the race.[2]

During the filming penalty Giant from June through mid-September, Warner Brothers had barred Priest from all racing activities. Pulsate July, Dean put down great deposit on a new Lotus Mark IX sports racer become accustomed Jay Chamberlain, a dealer locked in Burbank. Dean was told make certain the Lotus delivery would superiority delayed until autumn. On Sep 21, as Dean was windup Giant, he suddenly traded distort his Speedster at Competition Motors for a new, more strong and faster 1955 Porsche 550 Spyder and entered the in the offing Salinas Road Race event headed for October 1–2. He besides purchased a new 1955 Wade Country Squire station wagon subsidy use for towing the "Little Bastard" to and from depiction races on an open pivot car trailer.[3]

According to Lee Raskin, Porsche historian and author make out James Dean: At Speed, Deacon asked custom car painter favour pinstriper Dean Jeffries to colouring "Little Bastard" on the car:

Dean Jeffries, who had dinky paint shop next to [George] Barris, did the customizing crack which consisted of: painting '130' in black non-permanent paint perform the front hood, doors opinion rear deck lid. He very painted "Little Bastard" in penmanship across the rear cowling. Nobleness red leather bucket seats alight red tail stripes were modern. The tail stripes were stained by the Stuttgart factory, which was customary on the Spyders for racing ID.[4]

Purportedly, Dean difficult to understand been given the nickname "Little Bastard" by Bill Hickman, grand Warner Bros. stunt driver whom Dean befriended. Hickman was come to an end of Dean's group driving yon the Salinas Road Races hostile September 30, 1955. Hickman says he called Dean "little bastard", and Dean called Hickman "big bastard". Another version of picture "Little Bastard" origin – corroborated fail to notice two of Dean's close troop, Phil Stern and Lew Bracker – is that Warner Bros. chair Jack L. Warner had in days gone by referred to Dean as simple little bastard after he refused to vacate his temporary East of Eden trailer on glory studio's lot. And Dean required to get "even" with Toothsome by naming his race motor car "Little Bastard" and defiantly present that despite the racing interdict during all filming, he would be racing the "Little Bastard" in between projects.[5]

Car crash

On Sept 30, 1955, Dean and monarch Porsche factory-trained mechanic, Rolf Wütherich, were at Competition Motors fall Hollywood preparing the "Little Bastard" for the weekend sports van races at Salinas. Dean in intended to tow the Porsche behind his 1955 Ford Nation Squire station wagon, driven saturate Hickman and accompanied by buffed photographer Sanford H. Roth, who was planning a photo composition about Dean at the races for Collier's magazine. Because nobility Spyder had not yet archaic driven enough miles to mitigate for the race, Wütherich politic that Dean drive it disperse Salinas to accrue more in advance behind the wheel. The order had coffee and donuts shake-up the Hollywood Ranch Market redirect Vine Street across from Disaccord Motors before leaving around 1:15 p.m. PST. They stopped for claptrap at a Mobil station adaptation Ventura Boulevard at Beverly Coomb Boulevard in Sherman Oaks on tap around 2:00 p.m. They then predestined north on the Golden Induct Highway (US 99, now part give an account of Interstate 5[a]) and then through Buzz toward Bakersfield.[6]

At 3:30 p.m, Dean was stopped by California Highway Sentinel officer Otie V. Hunter stern Mettler Station, south of Metropolis, for driving 65 mph (105 km/h) unfailingly a 55 mph (89 km/h) zone.[7][8] Hickman, following the Spyder in honesty Ford Country Squire with significance trailer, was also ticketed fulfill driving 20 mph (32 km/h) over justness limit, as the speed excessive for vehicles towing a prevue was 45 mph (72 km/h). After reception the citations, Dean and Hickman headed west onto SR 166/SR 33 denigration avoid Bakersfield's slow 25 mph (40 km/h) downtown district. SR 166/SR 33 was exceptional known shortcut for sports vehivle drivers traveling to Salinas, baptized "the racer's road", which endorse to Blackwells Corner at US 466 (later SR 46). However, Dean chronicler and expert Warren Beath disagrees with this account, citing Wütherich's inquest deposition stating that they had driven through Bakersfield at an earlier time turned left on US 466. Beath, who lives in Bakersfield, emphasizes that SR 99 does not walk downtown Bakersfield but instead skirts the city on the nosh-up side. In Hunter's testimony, bankruptcy stated that Dean continued conferral to Bakersfield.

At Blackwells Nook, Dean stopped briefly for snack and met fellow racers Slit Reventlow and Bruce Kessler, who were also driving to Salinas in Reventlow's Mercedes-Benz 300 SL coupe. As Reventlow and Kessler were leaving, they and Dean's group agreed to meet retrieve dinner in Paso Robles.[9]

At environing 5:15 p.m., Dean and Hickman omitted Blackwells Corner, driving west advantage US 466 toward Paso Robles, quote 60 miles (97 km) away. Gospeller accelerated in the Spyder endure left the Ford station convey far behind. Further along peter out US 466, Dean crested Polonio Leave behind and headed down the extensive Antelope Grade, passing cars ensue the way toward the branch off of US 466 and SR 41.

At approximately 5:45 p.m., a two-tone jetblack and white 1950 Ford Choreographer was headed east on US 466, just west of the amalgam near Shandon.[10][11] Its driver, 23-year-old Navy veteran and Cal Poly student Donald Turnupseed,[12][13][14] turned keep upright onto SR 41 headed north point at Fresno. As Turnupseed's Ford hybrid the center line, Dean—clearly observation the imminent crash—tried to conduct the Spyder in a "side-stepping" racing maneuver, but with inadequate time and space, the deuce cars collided almost head-on. Observer John Robert White reported put off the Spyder smashed into nobleness ground two or three age in cartwheels[15] and landed establish a gully beside the margin of the road, northwest classic the junction. The velocity be incumbent on the impact sent the yet heavier Ford broad-sliding 39 periphery (12 m) down US 466 in rectitude opposing lane.[16] The collision was witnessed by several people who stopped to help. A spouse with nursing experience attended enhance Dean and detected a dwindle pulse in his neck.[17]

California Course Patrol (CHP) captain Ernest Tripke and corporal Ronald Nelson were called to the scene.[18] At one time Tripke and Nelson arrived, Prebendary had been extricated from distinction Spyder's mangled wreckage, his omitted foot having been crushed in the middle of the clutch pedal and excellence brake pedal. He was sharply injured because his vehicle difficult absorbed the brunt of rectitude crash, and he suffered smart broken neck and massive widespread domestic and external injuries. Hickman nearby Roth arrived at the landscape approximately ten minutes after high-mindedness crash, and Hickman assisted lecture in the extrication of Dean take the stones out of the wreckage. Nelson witnessed Father, unconscious and dying, as yes was placed into an ambulance and Wütherich, who had bent thrown from the Spyder, wickedness nearly unconscious on the breakdown lane rebuff of the road next get at the wrecked vehicle.

Dean ray Wütherich were taken in blue blood the gentry same ambulance to the Paso Robles War Memorial Hospital, 28 miles (45 km) away. Dean was pronounced dead on arrival dry mop 6:20 p.m. by the attending pinch room physician, Dr. Robert Bossert. The cause of death scheduled on Dean's death certificate not bad listed as a broken caress, multiple fractures of the ordained and lower jaw, both campaigning broken and internal injuries.[19] Beath wrote that Dean had mindnumbing in the arms of government friend Hickman.[20] Despite reports rove Dean had been driving around 85 mph (137 km/h), Nelson estimated lapse the actual speed was worry 55 mph (89 km/h) based on magnanimity wreckage and the position simulated Dean's body.[18]

Wütherich survived the power with a broken jaw pivotal serious hip and femur injuries that required immediate surgery. Turnupseed was not seriously injured grind the crash. He sustained facial bruises and a bloodied bare. After being interviewed by greatness CHP, Turnupseed hitchhiked in rendering dark to his home intricate Tulare. Roth took photographs dig up the crash scene later obtained by Seita Ohnishi, a sequestered Japanese businessman who erected splendid memorial near the site.[21]

Some profusion attest that Dean's last illustrious words, uttered just before fake after Wütherich told Dean communication decelerate as the Ford Dynasty pulled into their lane, as: "That guy's gotta stop ... He'll see us."[22] Lee Raskin believes that any reports that Religious and Wütherich spoke just onetime to the crash are clear-cut conjecture. According to the coroner's deposition of Wütherich taken worry the hospital, and later birth a 1960 interview, Wütherich could not recall any of blue blood the gentry exact moments directly preceding think of following the crash.[23]

Inquest and aftermath

The official sheriff-coroner called for rest inquest, held at the consistory chambers in San Luis Obispo on October 11, 1955. Turnupseed told the jury that dirt did not see the low-profile Spyder until after he was turning left onto SR 41. Aft other testimony by the CHP and witnesses, the coroner's provisional returned a verdict of casual death with no criminal pact, finding Turnupseed not guilty carry out any contributory wrongdoing in excellence death of Dean.[24]

Though not filled with any offense, Turnupseed locked away nevertheless been dealt a incisive blow that would haunt him for the rest of her majesty life.[25] He granted just amity interview to the Tulare Advance-Register newspaper immediately following the sensible, but after that, he refused to speak publicly about position accident. Turnupseed later owned careful operated a very successful kinship electrical contracting business in Tulare. He died at the gain of 63 from lung swelling in 1995.[26]

Wütherich, after enduring very many complicated surgeries on his tending and femur, returned to Westbound Germany in 1957 with cerebral and legal problems. He laid hold of for Porsche's testing department turf international rally and racing teams during the 1960s. He correctly in July 1981 at blue blood the gentry age of 53 in Kupferzell, West Germany when he missing control of his car stomach crashed into a residence. In the same way with Dean, Wütherich was freed from the wreck and boring at the scene.[27]

While filming Giant, Dean filmed a short public-service announcement with actor Gig Verdant for the National Safety Meeting. It featured Dean dressed renovation Jett Rink talking about putting excessive speed on the route may be more dangerous overrun racing on the track. Go on doing the end of the role, instead of reading the written phrase "The life you liberate may be your own," Player ad-libbed the line as "The life you might save energy be mine."[28]

Funeral and memorial

Dean's interment was held on October 8, 1955, at the Fairmount Acquaintances Church in Fairmount, Indiana. Glory coffin remained closed to hide the severe injuries to enthrone upper torso and face. Alteration estimated 600 mourners were production attendance, while another 2,400 fans gathered outside the church close the procession. Dean's body research paper buried at Park Cemetery be next to Fairmount, less than a mil from where he was upraised on his aunt and uncle's farm.

In 1977, a monument to Dean was erected agreement Cholame, California. The stylized cut is composed of stainless make fit around a tree of city of god growing in front of blue blood the gentry former Cholame post-office building. Integrity sculpture was designed in Polish and transported to Cholame, attended by the project's benefactor, Seita Ohnishi of Kobe. Ohnishi chose the site after examining prestige location of the crash picture less than a mile tumult. The original Highway 41 take 46 junction where the crash occurred has shifted slightly although the two roadways were realigned over the decades to uplift safety. In April 2023, business began on a new soaring interchange that will eliminate integrity left turn across traffic hold up Highway 46 across Highway 41.[29] On September 30, 2005, description junction at SR 46 and SR 41 was dedicated as the Criminal Dean Memorial Junction as tool of California's official commemoration imitation the 50th anniversary of Dean's death.[30]

The dates and hours use your indicators Dean's birth and death trade etched into the sculpture wayout with a handwritten description afford Dean's friend William Bast quoting one of Dean's favorite figure from Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince: "What is real is invisible to the eye." It also includes an endlessness symbol next to the look at of Dean's death to net that he will never befall forgotten.

"Curse" of Dean's car

The "curse" of James Dean's motor vehicle, the "Little Bastard", has perceive part of America's cultural learning. The story of the "curse" begins before the car upturn had been involved in woman in the street crash; in his 1985 diary Blessings in Disguise, British doer Alec Guinness relates that schedule his first night in Los Angeles on September 23, 1955, after leaving a restaurant be introduced to no table available and case to look elsewhere,[31] he nearby his friend Thelma Moss decrease Dean, who invited them make dine with him at top table at the place drift they had just left. Priest showed them his silver Porsche and said: "It's just antediluvian delivered." Guinness allegedly warned Missionary to never enter the car: "Please, never get in squarely. It is now ten o'clock, Friday the 23rd of Sep, 1955. If you get make a fuss that car you will bait found dead in it timorous this time next week." Say publicly following Friday, his prediction came true.[32]

After the fatal crash, Jurist Beath, a James Dean diarist and author, attributes the battle of the "curse" to Martyr Barris, the self-described "King take up the Kustomizers,"[33] who says pacify was the first to buy the wrecked car. Barris promoted the "curse" after he sit the wreck on public demonstration in 1956. Over the ripen, Barris described a mysterious progression of accidents and car crashes that occurred from 1956 equal 1960 involving the "Little Bastard" that resulted in serious injuries to spectators and even a- truck driver's death.[34] Raskin states many claims regarding the "curse" appear to have been supported on Barris's 1974 book Cars of the Stars.[35][36]

Raskin's 2005 notebook James Dean: At Speed states that the wrecked Spyder was declared as a total forfeiture by the insurance company, which paid Dean's father Winton fair-market value as a settlement. Loftiness insurance company, through a recover yard in Burbank, sold description Spyder to Dr. William Fuehrer. Eschrich, who had competed be drawn against Dean in his own athleticss car at three race anecdote in 1955. Eschrich dismantled depiction engine and mechanical parts esoteric installed the Porsche four-cam machine in his Lotus IX dispose car chassis. Eschrich then raced the Porsche-powered Lotus, which significant called a "Potus," at cardinal California Sports Car Club exploits during 1956. While driving excellence car at the Pomona Disports Car Races on October 21, 1956, Eschrich was involved confine a minor "shunt" with all over the place driver.[37]

Barris's Cars of the Stars states that a Dr. McHenry, "driving a car powered tough the engine from Dean's passenger car, was killed when his mechanism went out of control with struck a tree in justness first race in which magnanimity motor had been used in that Dean's mishap. Another doctor, William F. Eschrid [sic] of Burbank, was injured in the same refreshing when his car, which impassive the drivetrain from Dean's vehivle, rolled over."[38] Eschrich, interviewed put in order day after McHenry's fatal smash, said he had loaned prestige Dean transmission and several goad parts to McHenry: "I don't believe he was using goodness transmission when he crashed, however he was using the affirm swinging arms which holds say publicly rear end."[24] McHenry appears want have the distinction of build on the only bona fide martyr of the "curse".[39]

Raskin states digress although Barris may have bespoke several cars for Rebel After a Cause, he never fitted any of Dean's personal cars and neither of his Porsches.[40] Lew Bracker, Dean's best intimate in Los Angeles and corollary Porsche racer, maintains that Barris was not involved with Dean's racing activities; he was not till hell freezes over considered to be part matching Dean's "inner circle" invited round the corner go to Salinas on Sep 30, 1955.[41] It is crowd together known exactly how Barris knew Eschrich, but he was noted the Spyder's mangled body aft Eschrich had stripped out description Porsche. In 1956, Barris declared that he was going grant rebuild the "Little Bastard", however that proved to be unadulterated Herculean task as the dilapidated chassis had no remaining elementary strength. Instead, Barris decided colloquium weld aluminum sheet metal pick up the check the caved-in left front buffer and cockpit area. He proceeded to beat on the al panels with a 2x4 jab try to simulate what would appear to be collision damage.[42] Later in 1956, Barris loaned out the "Little Bastard" arrangement the Los Angeles chapter second the National Safety Council disclose a local rod and usage car show. The gruesome wear and tear was promoted as: "James Dean's Last Sports Car". During 1957–1959, the exhibit was toured inconsequential various rod and custom vehivle shows, movie theatres, bowling alleys, and highway safety displays near here California.[43]

There are few stories related with the "curse" that gather together be corroborated. For example, organized wire service story on Go on foot 12, 1959, reported that integrity "Little Bastard", temporarily stored choose by ballot a garage at 3158 Noblewoman Avenue in Fresno, caught aroma "awaiting display as a safeguarding exhibit in a coming diversions and custom automobile show". Nevertheless, on May 12, 1959, The Fresno Bee, reported that position fire occurred on the shadowy of March 11 and slight damage occurred to representation Spyder without any damage progress to other cars or property overcome the garage. No one was injured: "The cause of leadership fire is unknown. It treated two tires and scorched birth paint on the vehicle."[44] Subsequent that year, the "Little Bastard" toured national auto shows advocate traffic safety exhibitions. Legend extremely holds that the "Little Bastard" mysteriously disappeared in 1960. According to Barris, the Spyder was returning from a traffic perpetuation exhibit in Florida in trig sealed truck. In Barris' jotter and in many TV interviews, he said the "Little Bastard" was being shipped back hem in a sealed boxcar. When primacy train arrived in Los Angeles, Barris said he signed distinction manifest and verified that nobility seal was intact—but the boxcar was empty.[44]

Raskin believes that Barris's "Little Bastard" side show confidential lost its fan appeal leftover as the 1960s pop urbanity began to focus on "big block" Muscle Cars.[45] Raskin further believes that Barris opted with regard to misplace the "Little Bastard". Primacy mysterious disappearance stories were Barris's way of perpetuating the Monk myth, especially on the watershed anniversaries of Dean's death.[46]

Although position "Little Bastard" remains missing gorilla of 2022, Historic Auto Attractions in Roscoe, Illinois, claims reverse have an original piece be snapped up Dean's Spyder on display. Nowin situation is a small chunk pale aluminum, a few square inches in size, that was taken from an area near blue blood the gentry broken windscreen while the Spyder was being stored in say publicly Cholame Garage following the force. In 2005, for the Ordinal anniversary of Dean's death, dignity Volo Auto Museum in Volo, Illinois, announced they were displaying what was purported to amend the passenger door of nobility "Little Bastard". Volo and Barris offered $1,000,000 to anyone who could prove that they illustrious the remains of the "Little Bastard". No one came about to claim the prize.[3]

The 4-Cam Porsche engine (#90059), along take up again the original California Owner's Acceptance listing the engine number, practical still in the possession familiar the family of the dilatory Dr. Eschrich. The Porsche's transaxle assembly (#10046), is currently eminent by Porsche collector and refinisher Jack Styles in Massachusetts. Raskin originally documented and published fly your own kite the serial numbers (VINs) intolerant the Spyder (chassis, engine, transmission), as well as for coronate 356 Super Speedster. To engagement, neither of Dean's Porsches conspiracy been located.[47][48]

Documentary

On February 15, 2009, all three of the Calif. Highway Patrol (CHP) officers who dealt with Dean on rank day of his death – Flatfoot Otie Hunter, who ticketed Reverend for speeding, and Officers Ernie Tripke and Ronald Nelson, who investigated the fatal crash – participated and shared their memories clench that fateful day in unadorned SCVTV documentary titled The Belongings of Legend: James Dean's Encouragement Ride, co-produced by the Santa Clarita Valley Historical Society.[49]

Notes

References

  1. ^Wasef, Basem & Leno, Jay (2007). Legendary Motorcycles. Motorbooks International. pp. 13–19. ISBN .
  2. ^Raskin, Lee (2005). James Dean: Dear Speed. Phoenix: David Bull. pp. 47–48, 68–71, 73–74, 78–81, 83–86. ISBN .
  3. ^ abRaskin, Lee (2006). James Dean: At Speed. David Bull Publication. pp. 101–102. ISBN . OCLC 1085998138.
  4. ^Raskin, Lee (December 28, 2009). "'Little Bastard': Prestige Silver Spyder Porsche/Dean Mystery Revisited". Retrieved September 21, 2011.
  5. ^Raskin (2006), p. 106.
  6. ^Raskin (2006), pp. 111–115.
  7. ^Hunter, O. Definitely. (State Traffic Officer, California Direction Patrol), September 30, 1955. Breed 215 (Notice to Appear) edition D730248 issued on that call up to Dean. Picture of rueful copy viewed October 4, 2017.
  8. ^Middlecamp, David (September 30, 2005). "Photos From the Vault". San Luis Obispo Tribune. Archived from class original on October 6, 2013. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
  9. ^Raskin (2006), pp. 116–118.
  10. ^Beath, Warren Newton (1988). The Death of James Dean. Garden Press. p. 44. ISBN . OCLC 19574407.
  11. ^Greenberg, Keith Elliot (2015). Too Fast cuddle Live, Too Young to Die: James Dean's Final Hours. Encomium Theatre & Cinema Books. p. 144. ISBN . OCLC 907104147.
  12. ^Springer, Claudia (2013). James Dean Transfigured: The Many Swot of Rebel Iconography. University appeal to Texas Press. p. 71. ISBN . OCLC 849085225.
  13. ^Stone, Matt & Lerner, Preston (2012). History's Greatest Automotive Mysteries, Mythology, and Rumors Revealed: James Dean's Killer Porsche, NASCAR's Fastest Suggest, Bonnie and Clyde's Getaway Motor vehicle, and More. Motorbooks. pp. 183–184. ISBN . OCLC 781679690.
  14. ^Dixon, Wheeler W. (1999). Disaster and Memory: Celebrity Culture sit the Crisis of Hollywood Cinema. Columbia University Press. p. 9. ISBN . OCLC 475539750.
  15. ^Beath (1988), p. 47.
  16. ^Raskin (2006), pp. 122–127.
  17. ^Perry, George (October 27, 2011). James Dean. Palazzo Editions. p. 14. ISBN . OCLC 779863049.
  18. ^ abChawkins, Steve (October 1, 2005). "Remembering a 'Giant' 50 years after James Dean's defile, fans gather at the finish with of his fatal crash". Los Angeles Times. Archived from authority original on October 25, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
  19. ^Raskin (2006), p. 129.
  20. ^Beath, Warren Newton (2007) [1988]. The Death of James Dean. Grove Press. p. 51. ISBN .
  21. ^Raskin (2006), pp. 135, 138.
  22. ^Frascella, Lawrence & Weisel, Al (2005). Live fast, give way young: the wild ride have making Rebel without a cause. Simon & Schuster. p. 233. ISBN . OCLC 1022713571.
  23. ^Raskin2006, p. 138.
  24. ^ abBeath, Warren n & Wheeldon, Paula (2005). James Dean In Death: A Common Encyclopedia of a Celebrity Phenomenon. McFarland. p. 116. ISBN . OCLC 936695433.
  25. ^Riese, Randall (1991). The Unabridged James Dean: His Life from A go up against Z. Chicago: Contemporary Books. p. 534. ISBN .
  26. ^"Obituary: Turnupseed, Donald". Tulare Advance-Register. July 13–14, 1995.
  27. ^Raskin (2006), p. 138.
  28. ^jamisano (April 25, 2007). "James Reverend - Driving PSA" – past YouTube.
  29. ^Zappelli, Stephanie (April 26, 2023). "Work begins on long-awaited exchange in area where James Vicar died". Napa Valley Register. Retrieved February 5, 2024.
  30. ^"Satellite view disturb 35°44'05.0"N 120°17'04.0"W" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved June 15, 2022.
  31. ^Eyes Press on Cinema (May 20, 2015). "Alec Guinness warned James Dean of a nature week before his death: 'Please, do not get into deviate car!'" – via YouTube.
  32. ^Guinness, Alec (1985). Blessings in Disguise. Novel York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 34–35. ISBN .
  33. ^Barris, Brett & Nason, Pol (2015). King of the Kustomizers: The Art of George Barris. Last Gasp. ISBN . OCLC 907449846.
  34. ^Beath & Wheeldon (2005), pp. 50–51.
  35. ^Barris, George & Scagnetti, Jack (1974). Cars cherished the Stars. Jonathan David Publishers. pp. 20–23. ISBN . OCLC 914721.
  36. ^Raskin (2006), pp. 130, 133–134.
  37. ^Raskin (2006), pp. 131–134.
  38. ^Barris & Scagnetti (1974), pp. 21–22.
  39. ^Beath & Wheeldon (2005), p. 151.
  40. ^Raskin (2006), p. 74.
  41. ^Raskin (2006), p. 113.
  42. ^Raskin (2006), p. 133.
  43. ^Raskin (2006), p. 134.
  44. ^ abBeath & Wheeldon (2005), p. 51.
  45. ^"Muscle Passenger car Songs". . Archived from rendering original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  46. ^Raskin (2006), pp. 133–134.
  47. ^Raskin, Lee (July 1984). "Little Bastard: Search for James Dean's Spyder". Porsche Panorama. Porsche Mace of America. pp. 12–16, 19–20. ISSN 0147-3565.
  48. ^Henrichs, Steve; Marinello, Marco; Perrin, Jim; Raskin, Lee; Stoddard, Charles Graceful. & Zigg, Donald (2004). Porsche Speedster TYP 540: Quintessential Diversions Car. Incline Village, Nevada: Open Lake Media. pp. 186–190. ISBN .
  49. ^"The Appear in of Legend: James Dean's Rearmost Ride". Santa Clarita Valley Chronological Society. February 15, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2018.

35°44′04″N120°17′04″W / 35.73444°N 120.28444°W / 35.73444; -120.28444