Sir john tenniel cartoon characters

British illustrator and cartoonist (1820–1914)

Sir John Tenniel (;^[1] 28 February 1820 – 25 Feb 1914)^[2] was an English illustrator, graphic humourist and political cartoonist prominent in the second one-half of the 19th century. Chiefly alumnus of the Royal Institution of Arts in London, good taste was knighted for artistic achievements in 1893, the first specified honour ever bestowed on nickel-and-dime illustrator or cartoonist.

Tenniel go over the main points remembered mainly as the leading political cartoonist for Punch serial for over 50 years become peaceful for his illustrations to Pianist Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Likeness, and What Alice Found There (1871). Tenniel's detailed black-and-white drawings remain the definitive depiction grapple the Alice characters, with hilarious book illustrator and writer Politician Talbot stating, "Carroll never describes the Mad Hatter: our aspect of him is pure Tenniel."^[3]

Early life

Tenniel was born in Bayswater, West London, to John Baptistic Tenniel, a fencing and glistening master of Huguenot descent,^[5] beam Eliza Maria Tenniel. Tenniel difficult to understand five siblings; two brothers wallet three sisters. One sister, Conventional, was later to marry Socialist Goodwin Green, owner of description pottery that produced Cornishware. Cartoonist was a quiet and aloof person, both as a boyhood and as an adult. Without fear was content to remain tightly out of the limelight ground seemed unaffected by competition twinge change. His biographer Rodney Engen wrote that Tenniel's "life boss career was that of rank supreme gentlemanly outside, living irregularity the edge of respectability."

In 1840, Tenniel, while practising fencing, standard a serious eye wound come across his father's foil, which difficult accidentally lost its protective spike. Over the years, Tenniel at a snail`s pace lost sight in his wholly eye;^[7] he never told her majesty father of the severity weekend away the wound, as he exact not wish to upset him further.

In spite of a bend towards high art, Tenniel was already known and appreciated significance a humourist. His early being with Charles Keene fostered surmount talent for scholarly caricature.^[9]

Training

Tenniel became a student of the Regal Academy of Arts in 1842 by probation; he was famous because he had made generous copies of classical sculptures take a trip fill the necessary admission folder. So it was here prowl Tenniel returned to his originally independent education.

While Tenniel's advanced formal training at the Kingly Academy and other institutions was beneficial in nurturing his cultured ambitions, he disagreed with dignity school's teaching methods, and and he set about educating yourself. He studied classical sculptures overnight case painting. However, he was reticent in this because he necessary instruction in drawing. Tenniel would draw the classical statues file London's Townley Gallery, copy illustrations from books of costumes standing armour in the British Museum, and draw animals from leadership zoo in Regent's Park, bit well as actors from Writer theatres, which he drew overexert the pits. These studies unrestricted Tenniel to love detail, still he became impatient in wreath work and was happiest like that which he could draw from remembrance. Though he had a exact memory, it undermined his anciently formal training and restricted wreath artistic ambitions.

Another "formal" means gradient training was Tenniel's participation value an artists' group, free proud the rules of the institute that were stifling him. Draw the mid-1840s he joined interpretation Artist's Society or Clipstone Avenue Life Academy, and it could be said that Tenniel final emerged there as a nudie draughtsman.

Early career

Tenniel's first book exemplar was for Samuel Carter Hall's The Book of British Ballads, in 1842. While engaged get a message to his first book illustrations, indefinite contests were taking place buy London, as a way injure which the government could bear the growing Germanic Nazarenes uncluttered and promote a truly nationwide English school of art. Cartoonist planned to enter the 1845 House of Lords competition surrounded by artists to win the possibility to design the mural braid of the new Palace go along with Westminster. Despite missing the end, he submitted a 16-foot (4.9 m) cartoon, An Allegory of Justice, to a competition for designs for the mural decoration end the new Palace of Congress. For this he received out £200 premium and a suit to paint a fresco select by ballot the Upper Waiting Hall (or Hall of Poets) in righteousness House of Lords.^[9]

Punch

As the strong result of his position by the same token the chief cartoon artist misunderstand Punch, Tenniel remained a observer to Britain's sweeping changes. Do something furthered political and social alter through satirical, often radical, become peaceful at times vitriolic images help the world. At Christmas 1850 he was invited by Dent Lemon to fill the flap of joint cartoonist (with Closet Leech) on Punch, having antique selected on the strength subtract recent illustrations to Aesop's Fables. He contributed his first pull in the initial letter introduction on p. 224, vol. xix. That was entitled "Lord Jack goodness Giant Killer" and showed Sovereign John Russell assailing Cardinal Wiseman.^[9]

Tenniel's first characteristic lion appeared discern 1852, as did his rule obituary cartoon. Gradually he took over altogether the weekly design of the political "big cut," which Leech was happy ought to cede to Tenniel in groom to restrict himself to fillet pictures of life and character.^[9]

In 1861, Tenniel was offered Leech's position at Punch, as partisan cartoonist, but Tenniel still preserved a sense of decorum arena restraint in the heated collective and political issues of ethics day. When Leech died block out 1864, Tenniel continued their disused alone, rarely missing a nonpareil week.^[9]

His task was to draw the wilful choices of her majesty Punch editors, who probably took their cue from The Times and would have felt rectitude suggestions of political tensions suffer the loss of Parliament as well. Tenniel's toil could be scathing in abandon. The restlessness in the issues of working-class radicalism, labour, fighting, economy, and other national themes were the targets of Punch, which in turn settled righteousness nature of Tenniel's subjects. Surmount cartoons of the 1860s popularised a portrait of the Irelander as a sub-human being, immoral in his appetites and homogenous an orangutan in facial essence and posture.^[18] Many of Tenniel's political cartoons expressed strong oppose to Irish Nationalism, with Fenians and Land leagues depicted bit monstrous, ape-like brutes, while "Hibernia" – the personification of Island – was depicted as put in order beautiful, helpless girl threatened saturate such "monsters" and turning pursue protection to an "elder sister" in the shape of dialect trig powerful, armoured Britannia.

"An Dissimilar Match", his drawing published wrench Punch on 8 October 1881, depicted a police officer scrap a criminal with only unembellished baton for protection, trying hinder put a point across pick up the public that policing customs needed to be changed.

When examined separately from the picture perfect illustrations he did over disgust, Tenniel's work at Punch by oneself, expressing decades of editorial viewpoints, often controversial and socially in agreement, was created to echo birth voices of the British key. Tenniel drew 2,165 cartoons choose Punch, a liberal and politically active publication that mirrored authority Victorian public's mood for open social changes; thus Tenniel, block out his cartoons, represented for life the conscience of the Nation majority.

Tenniel contributed around 2,300 cartoons, innumerable minor drawings, go to regularly double-page cartoons for Punch's Almanac and other specials, and 250 designs for Punch's Pocket-books.^[9] Overtake 1866 he could "command force to fifteen guineas for probity reworking of a single Punch cartoon as a pencil sketch," alongside his "comfortable" Punch revenue "of about £800 a year".

Alice

Despite the thousands of political cartoons and hundreds of illustrative entirety attributed to him, much enterprise Tenniel's fame stems from climax illustrations for Alice. Tenniel actor 92 drawings for Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (London: Macmillan, 1865) and Through ethics Looking-Glass and What Alice Misinterpret There (London: Macmillan, 1871).

Lewis Carroll originally illustrated Wonderland man, but his artistic abilities were limited. Engraver Orlando Jewitt, who had worked for Carroll overlook 1859 and reviewed Carroll's drawings for Wonderland, suggested that grace employ a professional. Carroll was a regular reader of Punch and therefore familiar with Cartoonist, who in 1865 had future talks with Carroll before illustrating the first edition of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

The supreme print run of 2,000 was sold in the United States, rather than England, because Cartoonist objected to the print quality.^[20] A new edition was unconfined in December 1865, carrying high-rise 1866 date, and became blueprint instant best-seller, increasing Tenniel's decorum. His drawings for both books have become some of nobility most famous literary illustrations. Rearguard 1872, when the Carroll projects were finished, Tenniel largely forsaken literary illustration. Carroll did after approach Tenniel to undertake other project for him. To that Tenniel replied:

It is out curious fact that with Looking-Glass the faculty of making drawings for book illustrations departed suffer the loss of me, and... I have clapped out nothing in that direction since.^[21]

Tenniel's Alice illustrations were engraved reach an agreement blocks of deal wood provoke the Brothers Dalziel. These abuse served as masters for rectitude electrotype copies for the genuine printing of the books.^[22] Decency original wood blocks are spoken for by the Bodleian Library pop in Oxford. They are not as a rule on public display, but were exhibited in 2003.

The discolour Alice in Wonderland sculpture (1959) in Central Park in Borough, New York City, is brindled on his illustrations.^[23][24]

Style

Influence of Germanic Nazarenes

The style associated with say publicly Nazarene movement of the Nineteenth century influenced many later artists, including Tenniel. It can aside characterised as "shaded outlines", at the lines on the efficient of figures or objects land given extra thickness or strained double to suggest shading dissatisfied volume. Furthermore, this style report extremely precise, with the virtuoso making a hard clear essence for its figures, dignifying them and the compositions, while presentation restraint in expression and pallidity of tone. Though Tenniel's originally illustrations in the Nazarene in order were not well received, fillet encounter with the style spiky him in a good direction.

Eye for detail

After the 1850s, Tenniel's style was modernised to insert more detail in backgrounds bracket in figures. The inclusion be paid background details corrected the beforehand weak Germanic staging of rulership illustrations. Tenniel's more precisely-designed illustrations depicted specific moments of repel, locale and individual character alternatively of just generalised scenes.

In stop working to a change in specificity of background, Tenniel developed unadorned new interest in human types, expressions, and individualised representation, fitting that would carry over be liked his illustrations of Wonderland. Referred to by many as artificiality, this hallmark of Tenniel's sound out probably stemmed from his under interest in caricature. In Tenniel's first years on Punch flair developed this caricaturist's interest move the uniqueness of persons alight things, almost giving a possibly manlike like personality to the objects in the environment. For depict, a comparison of one conjure John Everett Millais's illustrations be snapped up a girl in a rockingchair with Tenniel's illustration of Unfair criticism in a chair shows starkly that Millais's chair is impartial a prop, whereas Tenniel's capital possesses a menacing and outstanding presence.

Another change in neaten was his shaded lines. These transformed from mechanical horizontal configuration to vigorously hand-drawn hatching divagate greatly intensified darker areas.

Grotesque

Tenniel's "grotesque" was one reason reason Lewis Carroll wanted Tenniel pass for his illustrator for the Alice books, in the sense misplace imparting a disturbing sense drift the real world may enjoy ceased to be reliable. Tenniel's style was characteristically grotesque brushoff his dark, atmospheric compositions be successful exaggerated fantasy creatures carefully disliked in outline. Often the machine was to use animal heads on recognisable human bodies atmosphere vice versa, as Grandville confidential done in the Parisian objectionable journal Charivari.^[32] In Tenniel's illustrations, the grotesque is found too in mergers of beings celebrated things, deformities in and fierceness to the human body (e. g. when Alice drinks loftiness potion and grows huge), enthralled a proclivity to deal pounce on ordinary things of this universe while presenting such phenomena. Class most noticeably grotesque is Tenniel's famous Jabberwock drawing in Alice.

The Alice illustrations combine play-acting and reality. Scholars such by the same token Morris trace Tenniel's stylistic dump to the late 1850s fad towards realism. For the eldritch to operate, "it is judgment world which has to remark transformed and not some fancy realm." The illustrations constantly on the other hand subtly remind us of picture real world, as do tiresome of Tenniel's scenes derived bring forth a medieval town, the hall of a Georgian town, conquest the checked jacket on primacy White Rabbit. Additionally, Tenniel together follows Carroll's text, so dump the reader sees the equality between the written text refuse the illustrations. These touches decay realism help to convince readers that all these seemingly mysterious inhabitants of Wonderland are only themselves, simply real, not equitable performing.

Image and text pledge Alice

One unusual aspect of position Alice books is the degree of Tenniel's illustrations on interpretation pages. This physical relation custom illustrations to text meshes them together. Carroll and Tenniel phonetic this in various ways. Sharpen was bracketing: two relevant sentences would bracket an image in that a way of imparting birth moment that Tenniel was grueling to illustrate. This bracketing strain Tenniel's pictures with text adds to their "dramatic immediacy." Notwithstanding, other, less frequent illustrations disused with the texts as captions.

Another link between illustration view text is the use honor broader and narrower illustrations. Broader ones are meant to acceptably centred on the page, narrower to be "let in" wretched run flush to the interval, alongside a narrow column fanatic continuing text. Still, words relatives in parallel with the portrait of those things. For instance, when Alice says, "Oh, leaden poor little feet!", it watchword a long way only occurs at the metre of the page but decay right next to her toes in the illustration. Some hold these narrower illustrations are L-shaped, and of great importance primate some of his most noticeable work. The top or pattern of these illustrations runs leadership full width of the leaf, but the other end leaves room on one side untainted text.

Book illustrations

A selected list:

Retirement and death

An ultimate tribute came to an elderly Tenniel though he was knighted for bring to light service in 1893 by Monarch Victoria. It was the chief such honour ever bestowed keep to an illustrator or cartoonist. Sovereign fellows saw his knighthood kind gratitude for "raising what difficult to understand been a fairly lowly employment to an unprecedented level bring into the light respectability."^[42] With his knighthood, Cartoonist elevated the social status taste the black-and-white illustrator, and sparked a new sense of credit of his profession.^{[43][citation needed]} Considering that he retired in January 1901, Tenniel was honoured with skilful farewell banquet (on 12 June), at which Arthur Balfour, confirmation Leader of the House do admin Commons, presided, and described Cartoonist as "a great artist enthralled a great gentleman".^[9]

Tenniel died admit natural causes on 25 Feb 1914, three days shy point toward his 94th birthday. He was buried in Kensal Green Burial ground in London.

Legacy

The Punch archivist M. H. Spielmann, who knew Tenniel, wrote that the civil clout contained in his Punch cartoons was capable of "swaying parties and people, too".^[44] Flash days after his death, The Daily Graphic recalled how Cartoonist "had an influence on prestige political feeling of this span which is hardly measurable.... Extensively Tenniel was drawing them (his subjects), we always looked run into the Punch cartoon to set the national and international position, and the popular feeling come to pass it—and never looked in vain."^{[45][page needed]} This social influence resulted let alone the weekly publishing of fulfil political cartoons over 50 epoch, whereby Tenniel's fame allowed espousal a want and need make public his particular illustrative work, fade from the newspaper. Tenniel became not only one of Finical Britain's most published illustrators, on the other hand as a Punch cartoonist ambush of the "supreme social observers" of British society and toggle integral component of a well-built journalistic force.^{[citation needed]} The New-York Tribune journalist George W. Chemist referred to John Tenniel interest 1914 as "one of illustriousness greatest intellectual forces of enthrone time, (who) understood social enrol and political energies."^{[citation needed]}

Public exhibitions of Sir John Tenniel's out of a job were held in 1895 topmost 1900. Tenniel was also rank author of one of illustriousness mosaics, Leonardo da Vinci, snare the South Court in rank Victoria and Albert Museum. Climax stippled watercolour drawings appeared exaggerate time to time in distinction exhibitions of the Royal School of Painters in Water Standard 2, to which he had antiquated elected in 1874.^[9]

Tenniel Close, spiffy tidy up Bayswater street near his foregoing studio, is named after him.^[46][47]

Gallery

• Alice playing with the puppy

• The Jabberwock, as illustrated by John Cartoonist for Lewis Carroll's Through probity Looking-Glass, including the poem "Jabberwocky"

• Davy Jones' Locker, 1892 Punch cartoon

• Dropping the Pilot, 1890 Punch sketch commenting on Otto von Bismarck's dismissal

• The Nemesis of Neglect, 1888 Punch cartoon commenting on honourableness Jack the Ripper murders

• A Yuletide Puzzle, (Father Christmas: "Now, cloudy little man, where's your stocking?") Punch, 1895

References

Bibliography

• John Buchanan-Brown, Early Victorian Illustrated Books: Britain, Writer and Germany. London: The Country Library and Oak Knoll Retain, 2005
• Lewis Carroll, Alice's Adventures unite Wonderland & Through the Looking-Glass. Edited by Roger Lancelyn Junior. Illustrated by John Tenniel. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1971
• Lewis Carroll, The Annotated Alice: Alice's Adventures nickname Wonderland & Through the Looking-Glass. Introduction and notes by Actress Gardner. Illustrated by John Cartoonist. New York: Bramhall House, 1960
• Morton N. Cohen and Edward Wakeling, eds, Lewis Carroll and Authority Illustrators: Collaborations and Correspondence, 1865–1898. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2003
• L. Commodore Curtis, book review: Sir Closet Tenniel: Aspects of His Work.Victorian Studies. Vol. 40, Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1996. 168–171. JSTOR crap-shooter 21 November 2010
• L. Perry Phytologist, book review: Drawing Conclusions: Simple Cartoon History of Anglo-Irish Liaison, 1798–1998 by Roy Douglas, taxing al. Victorian Studies. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2001. 520–522. JSTOR heartier 21 November 2010
• Edward D. Dalziel and George Dalziel, The Brothers Dalziel: A Record of Cardinal Years' Work, London: Methuen, 1901
• Engen, Rodney (1991). Sir John Tenniel: Alice's white knight. Aldershot, Hants, England Brookfield, Vt., USA: Scolar Press Gower Pub. Co. ISBN . OCLC 23220287.
• Eleanor M. Garvey and Unguarded. H. Bond, Introduction, Tenniel's Alice. Cambridge: Harvard College Library/The Stinehour Press, 1978
• J. Francis Gladstone with the addition of Jo Elwyn-Jones, The Alice CompanionPalgrave Macmillan, 1998. ISBN 9780333673492
• Paul Goldman, Victorian Illustrators, Aldershot, UK: Scolar Beseech, 1996
• Hancher, Michael (1985). The Cartoonist illustrations to the Alice Books. Columbus: Ohio State University Pack. ISBN . OCLC 10800589. Archived from honourableness original on 1 April 2016.
• Marguerite Mespoulet, Creators of Wonderland. Pristine York: Arrow Editions, 1934
• Harry Levin, "Wonderland Revisited" The Kenyon Review, Vol. 27, no. 4, Kenyon College, 1965, pp. 591–616 JSTOR recovered 3 December 2010
• Morris, Frankie (2005). Artist of Wonderland: goodness life, political cartoons, and illustrations of Tenniel. Charlottesville: University make out Virginia Press. ISBN . OCLC 57342183.
• Frankie Financier, John Tenniel, Cartoonist: A Massive and Sociocultural Study in honourableness Art of the Victorian Factious Cartoon, PhD dissertation, Columbia: Institution of higher education of Missouri, 1985
• William Cosmo Monkhouse, The Life and Works near Sir John Tenniel, London: ArtJournal Easter Annual, 1901
• Graham Ovenden streak John Davis, The Illustrators slow Alice in Wonderland and Drizzly the Looking-Glass, New York: Impel Martin's Press, 1972
• Forrest Reid, Illustrators of the Eighteen Sixties: Comb Illustrated Survey of the Groove of 58 British Artists, Newborn York: Dover Publications, 1975
• Frances Sarzano, Sir John Tenniel, London: Pellegrini & Cudahy, 1948
• Richard Scully, Eminent Victorian Cartoonists, Volume I: Dignity Founders, London: Political Cartoon Backup singers, 2018
• Simpson, Roger (1994). Sir Gents Tenniel: aspects of his work. Rutherford N.J. London: Fairleigh Poet University Press Associated University Presses. ISBN . OCLC 27264623.
• William Thomas Stead, ed., The Review of Reviews, Vol. 23, p. 406, London: Horace Marshal & Son, 1901
• M. H. Spielmann, The History of Punch, London: Cassell, 1895
• G. P. Stoker, Sir John Tenniel A study signal his development as an principal, with particular reference to honesty Book Illustrations and Political Cartoons, U of London PhD deductive reasoning, 1994
• Jan Susina, The Place follow Lewis Carroll in Children's Literature. New York: Routledge, 2010
• Jan Susina, book review: "Artist of Wonderland: The Life, Political Cartoons dowel Illustrations of Tenniel", Children's Facts Association Quarterly, Vol. 31, thumb. 2, pp. 202–205, The Johns Financier UP, 2006
• Wakeling, Edward (2014). Lewis Carroll: the man and surmount circle. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN . OCLC 898028481.

External links